Abstract
This chapter focuses on work as a fundamental human activity on which the biocultural survival and reproduction of individuals and groups are based. Studies have shown that work represents a privileged area for retrieving optimal experiences in spite of the great emphasis individuals place on leisure activities. We will present major findings obtained by flow researchers in the work domain, stressing the peculiarities of the work experience compared to leisure, and highlighting personal, organizational, as well as cultural factors associated with optimal experience at the workplace. Attention will also be paid to the role that work plays in individuals’ psychological selection and well-being, by funneling psychic and material resources into pursuing professional fulfillment. In this respect, the chapter will provide some findings on the life themes of musicians and teachers.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bakker, A. B. (2005). Flow among music teachers and their students: The crossover of peak experiences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 26–44.
Bakker, A. B. (2008). The work-related flow inventory: Construction and initial validation of the WOLF. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72, 400–414.
Bassi, M. (2008). Optimal experience, motivational orientations and the work paradox among teachers. Paper presented at 4th European Conference on Positive Psychology, Book of Abstracts, 59. Opatija, Croatia, 2–4 July.
Bassi, M., Coppa, R., Sartori, R., & Delle Fave, A. (2008a). Condividere benessere per educare al benessere: l’esperienza quotidiana di insegnanti e studenti [sharing well-being to educate about well-being: Daily experience of teachers and students]. In C. Guido G. Vernì (a cura di), Educazione al benessere e nuova professionalità docente. Ricerca, profili, riflessioni (pp. 19–66). Bari: Ufficio Scolastico Regionale Puglia.
Bassi, M., & Delle Fave, A. (2009). Self-determination and optimal experience at school: Joining perspectives. Paper presented at 1st International Positive Psychology Conference, Book of Abstracts, 43. Philadelphia, US, 18–21 June.
Bassi, M., Fianco, A., Preziosa, A., Steca, P., & Delle Fave, A. (2008b). La psicologia positiva e lo studio del benessere e della felicità: Una ricerca pilota con un gruppo di insegnanti [positive psychhology and the study of well-being and happiness: A pilot study with a group of teachers]. In C. Guido & G. Vernì (a cura di), Educazione al benessere e nuova professionalità docente. Ricerca, profili, riflessioni (pp. 133–164). Bari: Ufficio Scolastico Regionale Puglia.
Bassi, M., Lombardi, M., & Delle Fave, A. (2006). La professione relazionale dell’insegnante [the teacher’s relational profession]. In O. Albanese (Ed.), Disabilità, integrazione e formazione degli insegnanti. Esperienze e riflessioni (pp. 193–205). Bergamo: Junior.
Byrne, C., MacDonald, R., & Carlton, L. (2003). Assessing creativity in musical compositions: Flow as an assessment tool. British Journal of Musical Education, 20, 277–290.
Calegari, P., & Massimini, F. (1978). Psicologia dell’artefatto normativo sociale [Psychology of the social normative artifact]. Milano: Franco Angeli.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1988). Motivation and creativity: Toward a synthesis of structural and energistic approaches to cognition. New Ideas in Psychology, 6, 159–176.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper & Row.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Finding flow: The psychology of engagement wit everyday life. New York: Basic Books.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Lefevre, J. (1989). Optimal experience in work and leisure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 815–822.
Delle Fave, A. (1996). Flow e attività tradizionali femminili: La continuità nella selezione e ritenzione delle informazioni [flow and traditional female activities: Continuity in the selection and acquisition of information]. In F. Massimini, P. Inghilleri, & A. Delle Fave (Eds.), La selezione psicologica umana – teoria e metodo d’analisi (pp. 599–614). Milano: Coop. Libraria IULM.
Delle Fave, A. (1999). Individual development and bicultural identity: The navajo way. In A. Delle Fave and F. Meli (Eds.), Modernization and cultural identity (pp. 49–68). Milano: Edizioni dell’Arco.
Delle Fave, A. (2006). The impact of subjective experience on the quality of life. a central issue for health professionals. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), A life worth living: Contributions to positive psychology (pp. 165–181). New York: Oxford University Press.
Delle Fave, A. (2007a). Individual development and community empowerment: Suggestions from studies on optimal experience. In J. Haworth & G. Hart (Eds.), Well-being: Individual, community, and societal perspectives (pp. 41–56). London: Palgrave McMillan.
Delle Fave, A. (2007b). Ottimizzare l’esperienza di docenti e studenti. Teorie, ricerche, proposte [optimizing the experience of teachers and students. Theories, research, proposals]. In C. Cosimo & G. Vernì (Eds.), Scuola attraente e cultural del benessere. La scuola che promuove salute (pp. 27–70). Bari: Ufficio Scolastico Regionale Puglia.
Delle Fave, A. (2009). Optimal experience and meaning: Which relationship? Psychological Topics, 18, 285–302.
Delle Fave, A., & Bassi, M. (2009). Sharing optimal experiences and promoting good community life in a multicultural society. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 280–289.
Delle Fave, A., Bassi, M., & Massimini, F. (2003). Coping with boundaries: The quality of daily experience of Rom nomads in Europe. Psychology and developing societies, 15, 87–102.
Delle Fave, A., Brdar, I., Freire, T., Vella-Brodrick, D. A., & Wissing, M. P. (2010). The eudaimonic and hedonic components of happiness: Qualitative and quantitative findings. Journal of Happiness Studies, published online 4 May 2010.
Delle Fave, A., & Massimini, F. (1988). Modernization and the changing context of flow in work and leisure. In M. Csikszentmihalyi, & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness (pp. 193–213). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Delle Fave, A., & Massimini, F. (1991). Modernization and the quality of daily experience in a southern Italy village. In N. Bleichrodt & P. J. D. Drenth (eds.), Contemporary issues in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 110–119). Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger B.V.
Delle Fave, A., & Massimini, F. (1996). Modernizzazione e fruizione dei media: Dati su due comunità italiane [modernization and use of media: Data from two Italian communities]. Ikon, 32, 95–117.
Delle Fave, A., & Massimini, F. (2003). Optimal experience in work and leisure among teachers and physicians: Individual and bio-cultural implications. Leisure Studies, 22, 323–342.
Delle Fave, A., & Massimini, F. (2004a). Parenthood and the quality of experience in daily life: A longitudinal study. Social Indicators Research, 67, 75–106.
Delle Fave, A., & Massimini, F. (2004b). The cross-cultural investigation of optimal experience. Ricerche di Psicologia, 27, 79–102.
Delle Fave, A., & Massimini, F. (2005). The investigation of optimal experience and apathy: Developmental and psychosocial implications. European Psychologist, 10, 264–274.
Demerouti, E. (2006). Job characteristics, flow, and performance: The moderating role of conscientiousness. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11, 266–280.
Eisenberger, R., Jones, J. R., Stinglhamber, F., Shanock, L., & Randall, A. T. (2005). Flow experiences at work: For high need achievers alone? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 755–775.
Fianco, A. (2006). Migrazione e qualità dell’esperienza: Uno studio con experience sampling method [Migration and quality of experience: A study with experience sampling method]. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Milano.
Fullagar, C. J., & Kelloway, E. K. (2009). ‘Flow’ at work: An experience sampling approach. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 82, 595–615.
Guglielmi, R., & Tatrow, K. (1998). Occupational stress, burnout, and health in teachers: A methodological and theoretical analysis. Review of Educational Research, 68, 61–99.
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Burnout and work engagement among teachers. Journal of School Psychology, 43, 495–513.
Haworth, J., & Hill, S. (1992). Work, leisure and psychological well-being in a sample of young adults. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 2, 147–160.
Hektner, J. M., Schmidt, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2007). Experience sampling method: Measuring the quality of everyday life. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
International Labour Office (ILO). (2009). Guide to the new millennium development goals employment indicators: Including the full set of decent work indicators. Geneva: ILO.
Koh, C. (2005). The everyday emotional experiences of husbands and wives. In B. Schneider & L. J. Waite (Eds.), Being together working apart: Dual-career families and the work-life balance (pp. 169–189). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Larson, R. W., & Richards, M. H. (1994). Divergent realities: The emotional lives of mothers, fathers, and adolescents. New York: Basic Books.
Laudadío, J., Tezón, M., & Mesurado, B. (2009). Estilos de enseñanza universitaria y su relación con la experiencia subjetiva de los profesores [university-teaching styles and their relations with the subjective experience of professors]. In M. C. Richaud & J. E. Moreno (Eds.), Investigación en ciencias del comportamento (pp. 423–432). Buenos Aires: Ciipme-Conicet.
Le Blanc, P., de Jonge, J., & Schaufeli, W. (2008). Job stress and occupational health. In N. Chmiel (Ed.), An introduction to work and organizational psychology: A european perspective (pp. 119–147). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Lefevre, J. (1988). Flow and the quality of experience during work and leisure. In M. Csikszentmihalyi, & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness (pp. 307–318). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Linley, P. A., Harrington, S., & Garcea, N. (2010). Oxford handbook of positive psychology and work. New York: Oxford University Press.
Macdonald, R., Byrne, C., & Carlton, L. (2006). Creativity and flow in musical composition: An empirical investigation. Psychology of Music, 34, 292–306.
Majani, G., Pierobon, A., Giardini, A., & Callegari, S. (2000). Satisfaction profile (Sat_P) in 732 patients: Focus on subjectivity in HRQoL assessment. Psychology and Health, 15, 409–422.
Massimini, F., & Delle Fave, A. (1995). Qualità dell’esperienza e coltivazione di attività musicali [quality of experience and cultivation of musical activities]. Comunicazioni Scientifiche di Psicologia Generale, 14, 157–180.
Massimini, F., & Delle Fave, A. (2000). Individual development in a bio-cultural perspective. American Psychologist, 55, 24–33.
Massimini, F., Delle Fave, A., & Borri Gaspardin, M. (1992). Televisione e qualità dell’esperienza soggettiva: l’integrazione tra dati qualitativi e qualitativi [television and quality of subjective experience: Integrating qualitative and quantitative data]. Ikon, 24, 5–29.
Morgan, S. J. (2005). JobLAB: A study into the experience of teaching. Crawley: CrossLight.
Mäkikangas, A., Bakker, A. B., Aunola, K., & Demerouti, E. (2010). Job resources and flow at work: Modeling the relationship via latent growth curve and mixture model methodology. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 83, 795–814.
Nielsen, K., & Cleal, B. (2010). Predicting flow at work: Investigating the activities and job characteristics that predict flow states at work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15, 180–190.
Page, K. M., & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2009). The ‘what’, ‘why’ and ‘how’ of employee well-being. Social Indicators Research, 90, 441–458.
Parker, S. (1997). Work and leisure futures: Trends and scenarios. In J. Haworth (Ed.), Work, leisure, and well-being (pp. 180–191). London: Routledge.
Rheinberg, F., Manig, Y., Kliegel, R., Engeser, S., & Vollmeyer, R. (2007). Flow bei der arbeit, doch glück in der freizeit. Zielausrichtung, flow und glückgefühle [flow during work but happiness during leisure time: Goals, flow experience and happiness]. Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie, 3, 105–115.
Salanova, M., Bakker, A., & Llorens, S. (2006). Flow at work: Evidence for an upward spiral of personal and organizational resources. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 1–22.
Sartori, R. D. G. (2010). Flow experience in rescuing: A comparison between professionals and volunteers. Paper presented at the I International conference: The concept of flow: Toward a scientific integration. Book of Abstract, 4. TU Braunschweig, Germany, February 26–28.
Sartori, R. D. G., Massimini, F., & Delle Fave, A. (2009). Well-being in rescuing activities among professionals and volunteers. Paper presented at IX ISQOLS Conference “Quality of life studies: Measures and goals for the progress of societies”, Book of Abstract, 190. Florence, Italy, July, 19–23.
Schallberger, U., & Pfister, R. (2001). Flow-erleben in arbeit und freizeit. Eine untersuchung zum “paradox der arbeit” mit der experience sampling method (ESM) [Flow experiences in work and leisure: An experience sampling study about the paradox of work]. Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie, 45, 176–187.
Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M., & Maslach, C. (2009). Burnout: 35 years of research and practice. Career Development International, 14, 204–220.
Schmidt, J., Shernoff, D., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2007). Individual and situational factors related to the experience of flow in adolescence: A multilevel approach. In A. D. Ong & M. van Dulmen (Eds.), The handbook of methods in positive psychology (pp. 542–558). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shanafelt, T. D., Bradley, K. A., Wipf, J. E., & Back, A. (2002). Burnout and self-reported patient care in an internal medicine residency program. Annals of Internal Medicine, 136, 358–367.
van den Heuvel, M., Demerouti, E., Schreurs, B. H. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Does meaning-making help during organizational change? development and validation of a new scale. Career Development International, 14, 508–533.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Delle Fave, A., Massimini, F., Bassi, M. (2011). Work: A Paradox in Flow Research. In: Psychological Selection and Optimal Experience Across Cultures. Cross-Cultural Advancements in Positive Psychology, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9876-4_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9876-4_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-9875-7
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-9876-4
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)