Abstract
The easiest way of reforesting degraded lands is to take advantage of the capacity of many disturbed areas to recover unaided. The forests originating in this way are often referred to as secondary forests and these now cover large areas across the Asia-Pacific region. Many seemingly pristine forests are actually mosaics of undisturbed primary forest with patches of secondary forest of various ages arising from past shifting cultivation or natural disturbances. Indeed, some of these should be referred to as tertiary or quaternary forests because they have been disturbed on many occasions. It is difficult to make precise measures of the amount of secondary forest because of definitional problems (see below) and difficulties in mapping these forests using remote sensing technologies. However, de Jong et al. (2001) quote global estimates ranging from 340 to 600 million hectares and ITTO 2002) suggest secondary forests represent roughly 60% of the area now defined as tropical forests. In some countries the area of secondary forest far exceeds the area of undisturbed primary forest (Brown and Lugo 1990). In the Philippines, for example, secondary forests and brush-lands are thought to cover more than five million hectares while primary forests cover only 2.9 million hectares (Lasco et al. 2001).
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Adjers G, Hadengganan S, Kuusipalo J, Nuryanto K, Vesa L (1995) Enrichment planting of dipterocarps in logged-over secondary forests – effect of width, direction and maintenance method of planting line on selected Shorea species. Forest Ecol Manage 73:259–270
Aide M, Cavelier J (1994) Barriers to lowland tropical forest restoration in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Restoration Ecol 2:219–229
Alther C, Castella J-C, Novosad P, Rousseau R, Tran TH (2002) Impact of accessibility on the range of livelihood options available to farm households in the mountainous areas of northern Vietnam. In: Castella JC, Dang DQ (eds) Doi Moi in the mountains: Land use changes and farmers livelihood strategies in Bac Kan Province, Vietnam, The Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi, pp 121–146
Apel U, Sturm K (2003) The use of forest succession for establishment of production forest in northeastern Vietnam. In: Sim HC, Appanah S, Durst PB (eds) Bringing back the forests: Policies and practices for degraded lands and forests. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Proceedings of an International Conference, 7–10 October 2002, Kuala Lumpur, pp 39–49
Appanah S, Weinland G (1993) Planting quality timber trees in peninsular Malaysia: A review. Forest Research Institute, Malaysia, Kepong
Ashton MS, Gunatilleke CVS, Singhakumara BMP, Gunatilleke IAUN (2001) Restoration pathways for rain forest in southwest Sri Lanka: a review of concepts and models. Forest Ecol Manage 154:409–430
Barlow J, Gardner TA, Araujo IS, Avila-Pires TC, Bonaldo AB, Costa JE, Esposito MC, Ferreira LV, Hawes J, Hernandez MM, Hoogmoed MS, Leite RN, Lo-Man-Hung NF, Malcolm JR, Martins MB, Mestre LAM, Miranda-Santos R, Nunes-Gutjahr AL, Overal WL, Parry L, Peters SL, Ribeiro-Junior MA, da Silva MNF, Motta CD, Peres CA (2007) Quantifying the biodiversity value of tropical primary, secondary, and plantation forests. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104:18555–18560
Baur GN (1964) The ecological basis of rainforest management. Forestry Commission of New South Wales, Sydney
Bawa KS, Seidler R (1998) Natural forest management and conservation of biodiversity in tropical forests. Conserv Biol 12:46–55
Bebber B, Brown N, Speight M, Moura-Costas P, Yap SW (2002) Spatial structure of light and dipterocarp seedling growth in a tropical secondary forest. Forest Ecol Manage 157:65–75
Beccari O (1904) Wanderings in the Great Forests of Borneo, Archibald Constable & Co (Reprinted Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986)
Bennett JA (ed) (2000) Pacific forest: A history of resource control and contest in Solomon Island, c. 1800-1997. Brill, Leiden
Boserup E (1993) The conditions of agricultural growth: The economics of Agrarian change under population pressure. Earthscan, London
Boucher DH, Vandermeer JH, de la Cerda I, Moallona MA, Perfecto I, Zamora N (2000) Post-agriculture versus post-hurricane succession in southeast Nicaragua rain forest. Plant Ecol 156:131–137
Bourke RM (1997) Management of fallow species composition with tree planting in Papua New Guinea. Research School for Pacific and Asian Studies. The Australian National University, Canberra, Canberra
Bowman DMJ (2000) Australian Rainforests: Islands of green in a land of fire. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Brewer SW (2001) Predation and dispersal of large and small seeds of a tropical palm. Oikos 92
Brook BW, Bradshaw CJA, Koh LP, Sodhi NS (2006) Momentum drives the crash: mass extinction in the tropics. Biotropica 36:302–305
Brown S, Lugo A (1990) Tropical secondary forests. J Tropic Ecol 6:1–32
Brown N, Press M, Bebber D (2000) Growth and survivorship of dipterocarp seedlings: differences in shade persistence create a special case of dispersal limitation. In: Newberry DM, Clutton-Brock TH, Prance GT (eds) Changes and disturbance in tropical rainforest in South-East Asia. Imperial College Press, London, pp 121–131
Bruenig EF (1996) Conservation and management of tropical rainforest: An integrated approach to sustainability. CAB International, Wallingford
Burslem D, Whitmore TC, Brown GC (2000) Short-term effects of cyclone impact and long-term recovery of tropical rain forest on Kolombangara, Solomon Islands. J Ecol 88
Cannon CH, Peart DR, Leighton M (1998) Tree species diversity in commercially logged Bornean rainforest. Science 281:1366–1368
Chazdon RL (2003) Tropical forest recovery: Legacies of human impact and natural disturbances. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 6:51–57
Chazdon RL, Coe FG (1999) Ethnobotany of woody species in second-growth, old-growth and selectively logged forests in northeastern Costa Rica. Conserv Biol 13:1312–1322
Chazdon RL, Peres CA, Dent D, Sheil D, Lugo AE, Lamb D, Stork N, Miller SE (2009) The potential for species conservation in tropical secondary forests. Conserv Biol 23:1406–1417
Chokkalingam U, Smith J, De Jong W (2001) A conceptual framework for the assessment of tropical secondary forest dynamics and sustainable development potential in Asia. J Tropic Forest Sci 13:577–600
Clarke WC (1971) Place and people: An ecology of a New Guinean community. Australian National University Press, Canberra
Clarke WC, Thaman R (1993) Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands: Systems for Sustainability. United Nations University Press, Tokyo, New York, Paris
Cohen AL, Singhakkumara BPM, Ashton PMS (1995) Releasing rain forest succession: a case study in the Dicranopteris linearis fernlands of Sri Lanka. Restoration Ecol 3:261–270
Connell JH (1978) Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199:1302–1310
Connell J, Green P (2000) Seedling dynamics over thirty-two years in a tropical rain forest tree. Ecology 81:568–584
Corlett R (1994) What is secondary forest? J Tropic Ecol 10:44–47
Corlett R (1998) Frugivory and seed dispersal by vertebratres in the Oriental (Indomalayan) region. Biol Rev 73:413–448
Corlett R (2002) Frugivory and seed dispersal in degraded tropical East Asian landscapes. In: Levey DJ, Silva WR, Galetti M (eds) Seed dispersal and frugivory: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation. CAB International, Wallingford
Corlett R (2009) Seed dispersal distances and plant migration potential in tropical East Asia. Biotropica 41:592–598
Dao TH, Tran CT, Le TC (2001) Agroecology. In: Le TC, Rambo AT (eds) Bright peaks, dark valleys a comparative analysis of environmental and social conditions and development trends in five communities in Vietnam’s northern mountain region. The National Political Publishing House, Hanoi
Dawkins HC, Philip MS (1998) Tropical moist forest silviculture and management: A history of success and failure. CAB International, Wallingford
de Foresta H, Michon G (1993) Creation and management of rural agroforests in Indonesia; potential applications in Africa. In: Hladik CM, Hladik A, Linares OF, Pagezy H, Semple A, Hadley M (eds) Tropical forests people and food: Biocultural interactions and applications to development. UNESCO and Parthenon Publishing Group, Paris, pp 709–724
de Jong W (2002) Forest products and local forest management in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: Implications for conservation and development. Tropenbos International, Wageningen
de Jong W, Chokkalingam U, Smith J, Sabogal C (2001) Tropical secondary forests in Asia: introduction and synthesis. J Tropic Forest Sci 13:563–576
Dennis R, Hoffman A, Applegate G, von Gemmingen G, Katrtawinata K (2001) Large-scale fire: Creator and destroyer of secondary forests in Western Indonesia. J Tropic Forest Sci 13:786–799
Dirzo R, Mendoza E, Oriz P (2007) Size-related differential seed predation in a heavily defaunated neotropical rain forest. Biotropica 39:355–362
Doust SJ (2004) Seed and seedling ecology in the early stages of rainforest restoration. PhD thesis, School of Integrative Biology, University of Queensland, Brisbane
Dove MR (1993) Smallholder rubber and swidden agriculture in Borneo: a sustainable adaption to the ecology and economy of the tropical forest. Econ Bot 47:136–147
Driscoll P (1984) The effects of logging on bird populations in lowland New Guinea rainforest. PhD thesis, Zoology Department University of Queensland, Brisbane
Driscoll PV, Kikkawa J (1989) Bird species diversity of lowland tropical rainforests of New Guinea and Australia. In: Hamelin-Vivien ML, Bourliere F (eds) Vertebrates in Complex Tropical Systems. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 123–152
Durno J, Deetes T, Rajchaprasit J (2007) Natural forest regeneration from an Imperata fallow: The case of Pakhasukjai. In: Cairns M (ed) Voices from the forest. Resources for the future, Washington, DC, pp 122–136
Elliott S, Blakesley D, Maxwell JF, Doust S, Suwannaratana S (2006) How to plant a forest: The principles and practice of restoring tropical forests. Biology Department, University of Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai
Erskine PD, Catterall CP, Lamb D, Kanowski J (2007) Patterns and processes of old-field reforestation in Australian rain forest landscapes. In: Cramer VA, Hobbs RJ (eds) Old fields: Dynamics and restoration of Abandoned Farmland. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 119–144
Finegan B (1992) The management potential of neotropical secondary lowland rain forest. Forest Ecol Manage 47:295–332
Fox JED (1976) Constraints on the natural regeneration of tropical moist forest. Forest Ecol Manage 1:37–65
Friday K, Drilling ME, Garrity DP (1999) Imperata grassland rehabilitation using agroforestry and assisted natural regeneration. International Center for Research in Agroforestry, Bogor
Fujisaka S, Wollenberg E (1991) From forest to agroforest and logger to agroforester: a case study. Agroforestry Syst 14:113–129
Garcia-Fernandez C, Casado MA (2005) Forest recovery in managed agroforestry systems: The case of benzoin and rattan gardens in Indonesia. Forest Ecol Manage 214:158–169
Gardner TA, Barlow J, Parry LW, Peres CA (2007) Predicting the uncertain future of tropical forest species in a data vacuum. Biotropica 39:25–30
Garwood NC (1989) Tropical soil seed banks, a review. In: Leck MA, Parker VT (eds) Ecology of soil seed banks. Academic, San Diego, CA, pp 149–209
Geddes WR (1976) Migrants of the mountains: The cultural ecology of the Blue Miao (Hmong Njua) of Thailand. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Giambelluca TW (2002) Hydrology of altered tropical forest. Hydrol Process 16:1665–1669
Gibson CC, Williams J, Ostrom E (2004) Local enforcement and better forests. World Dev 33:273–284
Gilmour DA, Fisher RJ (1991) Villagers, forests and foresters. Sahayogi Press, Kathmandu
Gouyon A, de Forests H, Levang P (1993) Does ‘jungle rubber’ deserve its name? An analysis of rubber agroforestry systems in southeast Sumatra. Agroforestry Syst 22:181–206
Hardwick K, Healy J, Elliott S, Garwood NC, Anusarnsunthorn V (1997) Understanding and assisting natural regeneration in northern Thailand. Forest Ecol Manage 99:203–214
Hau CH (1997) Tree seed predation in degraded hillsides in Hong Kong. Forest Ecol Manage 99:215–221
Heinimann A, Messerli P, Schmid-Vogt D, Wiesmann U (2007) The dynamics of secondary forest landscapes in the lower Mekong basin: a regional-scale analysis. Mountain Res Dev 27:232–241
Hoare P (2004) A process for community and government cooperation to reduce the forest fire and smoke in Thailand. Agricult, Ecosyst Environ 104:35–46
Hobbs RJ, Higgs E, Harris JA (2009) Novel ecosystems: implications for conservation and restoration. Trends Ecol Evol 24:599–605
Hobley M (1996) Participatory forestry: The process of change in India and Nepal. Overseas Development Institute, London
Holl KD (2002) Effect of shrubs on tree seedling establishment in an abandoned tropical pasture. J Ecol 90:179–187
Holl KD, Lulow ME (1997) Effect of species, habitat, and distance from edge on post-dispersal seed predation in a tropical rainforest. Biotropica 29:459–468
Holscher D, Mackensen J, Roberts J-M (2005) Forest recovery in the humid tropics: changes in vegetation structure, nutrient pools and the hydrologic cycle. In: Bonell M, Bruijnzeel LA (eds) Forests, water and people in the humid tropics: Past, present and future hydrological research for integrated land and water management. UNESCO and Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 598–621
Hughes CE, Jones RJ (1998) Environmental hazards of leucaena. In: Shelton HM, Gutteridge RC, McMullen BF, Bray RA (eds) Leucaena: Adaptation, quality and farming systems. Australian Center for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, pp 61–70
Hviding E, Bayliss-Smith T (2000) Islands of rainforest: Agroforestry, logging and eco-tourism in Solomon Islands. Ashgate, Aldershot
Hynes RA, Chase AK (1982) Plants, sites and domiculture: aboriginal influence upon plant communities in Cape York Penisular. Archeol Oceania 17:38–50
Isager L, Ivarsson S (2002) Contesting landscapes in Thailand: Tree ordination as counter-territorialization. Crit Asian Stud 34:395–417
ITTO (2002) ITTO guidelines for the restoration, management and rehabilitation of degraded and secondary tropical forests. ITTO Policy Development Series No 13. International Tropical Timbers Organization, Yokohama
Jankowska-Błaszczuk M, Grubb PJ (2006) Changing perspectives on the role of the soil seed bank in northern temperate deciduous forests and in tropical lowland rain forests: parallels and contrasts. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 8:3–21
Jobbagy EG, Jackson RB (2000) The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation. Ecol Appl 10:423–436
Katz E, Garcia C, Goloubinoff M (2002) Sumatran benzoin (Styrax spp.). In: Shanley P, Pierce AR, Laird SA, Guillen A (eds) Tapping the green market: Certification and management of non-timber forest products. London, Earthscan, pp 246–256
Kuusipalo J, Hadengganan S, Adjers G, Sagala APS (1997) Effect of gap liberation on the performance and growth of dipterocarp trees in a logged-over rainforest. Forest Ecol Manage 92:209–219
Lamb AFA (1969) Artifical regeneration within the humid tropical lowland forest. Commonw Forestry Rev 48:41–53
Lamb D (1990) Exploiting the tropical rainforest: An account of pulpwood logging in Papua New Guinea. UNESCO and the Parthenon Publishing Group, Paris and Carnforth
Lasco RD, Visco R, Puhlin J (2001) Secondary forests in the Philippines: Formation and transformation in the 20th century. J Tropic Forest Sci 13:652–670
Laurance WF (2007) Have we overstated the tropical biodiversity crisis? Trends Ecol Evol 22:65–70
Leslie AJ (1989) Review of forest management systems of tropical Asia: Case studies of natural forest managment for timber production in India, Malaysia and the Philippines. Food Agric Organ United Nations, Bangkok
Letcher S, Chazdon RL (2009) Lianas and self-supporting plants during tropical forest succession. Forest Ecol Manage 257:2150–2156
Li Y, Xu M, Zou X, Shi P, Zhang Y (2005) Comparing soil organic carbon dynamics in plantation and secondary forest in wet tropics in Puerto Rico. Global Change Biol 11:239–248
Lugo AE (2009) The emerging era of novel tropical forests. Biotropica 41:589–591
Lugo AE, Brown S (1993) Management of tropical soils as sinks or sources of atmospheric carbon. Plant Soil 149:27–41
Maneeratana B, Hoare P (2007) When shifting cultivators migrate to the city, how can the forest be rehabilitated? In: Cairns M (ed) Voices from the Forest: Integrating Indigenous Knowledge into Sustainable Upland Farming. Resources Future, Washington, DC, pp 137–141
Marin-Spiotta E, Cusack D, Ostertag R, Silver W (2008) Trends in above and below ground carbon with forest regrowth after agricultural abandonment in the neotropics. In: Myster RW (ed) Post-agricultural succession in the Neotropics. Springer, New York, pp 22–72
Mayaux P, Holmgren P, Achard F, Eva H, Stibig H, Branthomme A (2005) Tropical forest cover change in the 1990s and options for future monitoring. Phil Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 360:373–384
Meehan HJ, McConkey KR, Drake D (2002) Potential disruptions to seed dispersal mutualisms in Tonga, Western Polynesia. J Biogeogr 29:695–712
Mesquita RCG, Ickes K, Ganade G, Williamson GB (2001) Alternative successional pathways in the Amazon Basin. J Ecol 89:528–537
Michon G (2005) Domesticating forests: How farmers manage forest resources. Institut de Recherchepour le Developpement, Center for International Forestry Research, World Agroforestry Center, Paris, Bogor
Mohamed AH, Othman AR (2003) Rehabilitation of Malaysian forests: perspectives and delimination of planting bamboo as a commercial species. In: Sim HC, Appanah S, Durst PB (eds) Bring back the forests: Policies and practices for degraded lands and forests. Food and Agriculture Organisation of United Nations, Bangkok, pp 99–106
Momberg F, Puri R, Jessup T (2000) Exploitation of Gagaru, and forest conservation efforts in the Kayan Mentarang National park, East Kalimantan. In: Zerner C (ed) People, plants and justice: The politics of nature conservation. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 259–284
Mouhot H (1966) Diary: travels in the central parts of Siam, Cambodia and Laos during the years 1858-61. Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur
Moura-Costa P, Yap SW, Ong CL, Ganing A, Nussbaum R, Mojium T (1996) Large scale enrichment planting with dipterocarps as an alternative for carbon offset - methods and preliminary results. In: Appanah S, Khoo KC (eds) Proceedings of the 5th round table conference on dipterocarps. Forest Research Institute, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, pp 386–396
Murphy PG, Lugo AE (1986) Ecology of tropical dry forest. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 17:67–88
Muscarella R, Fleming TH (2007) The role of frugivorous bats in tropical forest succession. Biol Rev 82:573–590
Nepstad D, Uhl C, Serrão EAS (1991) Recuperation of a degraded Amazonian landscape: forest recovery and agricultural restoration. Ambio 20:248–255
Ng FSP (1996) High quality planting stock – has research made a difference? Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor
Norden N, Chazdon R, Chau A, Jiang Y-H, Vilchez-Alvarado B (2009) Resilience of tropical rain forests: Tree community assembly in secondary forests. Ecol Lett 12:385–394
Norton DA (2009) Species invasions and the limits to restoration: learning from the new Zealand experience. Science 325:569–571
Osunkoya OO (1994) Post dispersal survivorship of north Queensland rainforest seeds and fruits: Effects of forest, habitats and species. Austr J Ecol 19:52–64
Pinard MA, Putz FE (1996) Retaining forest biomass by reducing logging damage. Biotropica 28:278–295
Post WM, Kwon KC (2000) Soil carbon sequestration and land-use change: processes and potential. Global Change Biol 6:317–328
Potter LM (1997) The dynamics of Imperata: Historical overview and current farmer perspectives, with special reference to South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Agroforestry Syst 36:31–51
Potter LM (2001) Agricultural intensification in Indonesia: Outside pressures and indigenous strategies. Asia Pacific Viewpoint 42:305–324
Potter L, Badcock S (2006) Can Indonesia’s complex agroforests survive globalisation and decentralisation? In: Connell J, Wadell E (eds) Environment, development and change in rural Asia-Pacific: between local and global. Routledge, London and New York, pp 167–185
Richards PW (1952) The tropical rain forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Roder W, Phengchanh S, Keoboualapha B, Maniphone S (1995) Chromolaena odorata in slash-and-burn rice systems of Northern Laos. Agroforestry Syst 31:79–92
Romell E, Hallsby G, Karlsson A, Garcia C (2008) Artificial canopy gaps in a Macaranga spp. dominated secondary tropical rain forest – effects on survival and above ground increment of four under-planted dipterocarp species. Forest Ecol Manage 255:1452–1460
Santasomsat Y (2003) Biodiversity, local knowledge and sustainable development. Regional center for social sciences and sustainable development. Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai
Sasaki A, Takeda S, Kanzaki M, Ohta S, Preechapanya P (2007) Population dynamics and land use changes in a Miang (chewing tea) village in northern Thailand. Tropics 16:75–85
Saunders A, Norton DA (2001) Ecological restoration at Mainland Islands in New Zealand. Biol Conserv 99:109–119
Schroth G, Harvey C, Vincent G (2004) Complex agroforests: Their structure, diversity and potential role in landscape conservation. In: Schroth G, da Fonseca G, Harvey C, Gascon C, Vasconcelas H, Isac A-M (eds) Agroforestry and biodiversity conservation in tropical landscapes. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 227–260
Scott R, Pattanakaew P, Maxwell JF, Elliott S, Gale G (2000) The effect of artificial perches and local vegetation on bird dispersing seed deposition into regenerating sites. In: Elliott S, Kerby J, Blakesley D, Harwick K, Woods K, Anusarnsunthorn V (eds) Forest restoration for wildlife conservation. University of Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai, pp 326–337
Sheil D, Burslem DFRP (2003) Disturbing hypotheses in tropical forests. Trends Ecol Evol 18:18–26
Shilton LA, Altringham JD, Compton SG, Whittaker RJ (1999) Old world fruit bats can be long distance seed dispersers through extended retention of viable seeds in the gut. Proc R Soc London B Biol Sci 266:219–223
Silver WL, Ostertag R, Lugo AE (2000) The potential for carbon sequestration through reforestation of abandoned tropical agricltural and pasture lands. Restoration Ecol 8:394–407
Slik JWF, Bernard CS, Van Beek M, Bremen FC, Eichorn KAO (2008) Tree diversity, composition, forest structure and aboveground biomass dynamics after single and repeated fire in a Bornean rain forest. Oecologia 158:579–588
Stocker GC (1981) Regeneration of a North Queensland rain forest following felling and burning. Biotropica 13:86–92
Stocker GC (1988) Tree species diversity in rainforest – establishment and maintenance. Proc Ecol Soc Aust 15:39–47
Sunderland TCH, Dransfield J (2002) Rattan (various species). In: Shanley P, Pierce AR, Laird SA, Guillen A (eds) Tapping the green market: Certification and management of non-timber forest products. Earthscan, London
Taylor RH (1957) Plant succession on recent volcanoes in Papua. J Ecol 45:233–243
Thiollay JM (1995) The role of traditional agroforests in the conservation of rain forest bird diversity in Sumatra. Conserv Biol 9:335–353
Toh I, Gillespie M, Lamb D (1999) The role of isolated trees in facilitating tree seedling recruitment at a degraded sub-tropical rainforest site. Restoration Ecol 7:288–297
Toma T, Ishida A, Matius P (2005) Long-term monitoring of post-fire above ground biomass recovery in a lowland dipterocarp forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 71:63–72
Tracey JG (1982) The vegetation of the humid tropical region of Queensland. CSIRO, Melbourne
Tuomela K, Kuusipalo J, Vesa L, Nuryanto K, Sagala APS, Ådjers G (1996) Growth of dipterocarp seedlings in artificial gaps: An experiment in a logged-over rainforest in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Forest Ecol Manage 81:95–100
van Nieuwstadt MGL, Sheil D, Kartawinata K (2001) The ecological consequences of logging in burned forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Conserv Biol 15:1183–1186
van Ooschot G, van Winkel I, Moura-Costa P (1996) The use of GIS to study the influence of site factors in enrichment planting with dipterocarps. In: Appanah S, Khoo KC (eds) Proceedings of the 5th Round Table Conference On Dipterocarps Forest Research Institute, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, pp 267–278
Vest PA, Westoby M (2004) Sprouting ability across diverse disturbances and vegetation types worldwide. J Ecol 92:310–320
Viera DLM, Scariot A (2006) Principles of natural regeneration of tropical dry forest for restoration. Restoration Ecol 14:11–20
Webb LJ (1958) Cyclones as an ecological factor in lowland tropical rain-forests, North Queensland. Austr J Bot 6:220–228
Webb LJ, Tracey GT, Williams WT (1972) Regeneration and pattern in the subtropical rainforest. J Ecol 60:675–695
Weinstock JA (1983) Rattan: Ecological balance in a Borneo rainforest swidden. Econ Bot 37:58–68
White KJ (1976) Notes on enrichment planting in lowland rain forests of Papua New Guinea. Tropical Forest Research Notes. Office of Forests, Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby
Whitmore TC (1984) Tropical rain forests of the far East. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Wibowo A, Suharti M, Sagala APS, Hibani H, van Noordwijk M (1997) Fire managment in Imperata grasslands as part of agroforestry development in Indonesia. Agroforestry Syst 36:203–217
Williams SE, van Noordwijk M, Penot E, Healey JR, Sinclair JR, Wibawa G (2001) On-farm evaluation of the establishment of clonal rubber in multistrata agroforests in Jambi, Indonesia. Agroforestry Syst 53:227–237
Wollenberg E, Ingles A (1998) Incomes from the forest. Center for International Forestry Research and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Bogor
Woods P (1989) Effects of logging, drought, and fire on structure and composition of tropical forests in Sabah, Malaysia. Biotropica 21:290–298
Wright SJ, Muller-Landau HC (2006) The future of tropical forest species. Biotropica 38:287–301
Wunderle J (1997) The role of animal seed dispersal in accelerating native forest regeneration on degraded tropical lands. Forest Ecol Manage 99:223–235
Zimmermann B, Elsenbeer H, De Moraes JM (2006) The influence of land-use changes on soil hydraulic properties: Implications for runoff generation. Forest Ecol Manage 222:29–38
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lamb, D. (2011). Natural Regeneration and Secondary Forests. In: Regreening the Bare Hills. World Forests, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9870-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9870-2_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-9869-6
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-9870-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)