Skip to main content
Book cover

Forest Management and the Water Cycle pp 65–88Cite as

Field Studies of Whole-Tree Leaf and Root Distribution and Water Relations in Several European Forests

Part of the Ecological Studies book series (ECOLSTUD,volume 212)

Abstract

Practically oriented field studies of different structures important for environmental purposes are dealing with wide levels of biological organization, starting e.g. with micro- structure (cells, molecules) and continuing to macro-structures up to regional, continental or even global levels. Naturally, only very extensive research teams can cover the whole range of these problems. Situation is a bit simplified, when limiting too complex physiological studies only to selected ones. We described here some phenomena related to water relations and corresponding structures, starting from individual organs (roots or branches), through whole trees and stands and when using appropriate models up to landscapes. Measurements of leaf and root area distributions help to evaluate other eco-physiological processes and also to up scale the data (e.g., allowing connections with remote sensing, serve for calibration etc.). Sap flow measurement provides a tool suitable for short- as well as long-term studies. Whole tree water storage helps trees to overcome critical periods of time in summer and specify periods when actually trees grow. Combination of anatomical analysis with sap flow measurement serves for evaluation of the efficiency of the water conducting system. Analysis of hydraulic tree architecture including water redistribution can explain tree survival under drought. Application of biometric parameters helps to up-scale the sap flow data from trees to entire stands. Combination of maps and remote sensing data enable to work up to the landscape level. Present long-term experience shows, that the approach based on field-applicable mobile instrumentation, is possible to adapt for solving different practical problems e.g., such considering tree or stands survival, stem growth, water balance and others.

Keywords

  • Leaf Area Index
  • Floodplain Forest
  • Stand Transpiration
  • Vertical Root Distribution
  • Soil Water Supply

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9834-4_4
  • Chapter length: 24 pages
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
eBook
USD   299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • ISBN: 978-90-481-9834-4
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
Hardcover Book
USD   379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Learn about institutional subscriptions
Fig. 4.1
Fig. 4.2
Fig. 4.3
Fig. 4.4
Fig. 4.5
Fig. 4.6
Fig. 4.7
Fig. 4.8
Fig. 4.9
Fig. 4.10
Fig. 4.11
Fig. 4.12
Fig. 4.13
Fig. 4.14

References

  • Aubrecht L, Stanek Z, Koller J (2006) Electric measurement of the absorbing surfaces in whole tree roots by the earth impedance method – I. Theory. Tree Physiol 26:1105–1112

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Buček A, Vlčková V (2009) Scenario of vegetation zone changes in the Czech Republic: ten years after. Nature Prot (Ochrana přírody) 64:8–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Čermák J (1989) Solar equivalent leaf area as the efficient biometric parameter of individual leaves, trees and stands. Tree Physiol 5:269–289

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Čermák J (1998) Leaf distribution in large trees and stands of the floodplain forests in southern Moravia. Tree Physiol 18:727–737

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Čermák J, Kučera J (1990) Scaling up transpiration data between trees, stands and watersheds. Silva Carelica 15:101–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Čermák J, Nadezhdina N (1998) Sapwood as the scaling parameter – defining according to xylem water content or radial pattern of sap flow? Ann Sci For 55:509–521

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Čermák J, Prax A (2001) Water balance of the floodplain forests in southern Moravia considering rooted and root-free compartments under contrasting water supply and its ecological consequences. Ann Sci For 58:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Čermák J, Deml M, Penka M (1973) A new method of sap flow rate determination in trees. Biol Plant 15:171–178

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Čermák J, Úlehla J, Kučera J, Penka M (1982) Sap flow rate and transpiration dynamics in the full-grown oak (Quercus robur L.) in floodplain forest exposed to seasonal floods as related to potential evapotranspiration and tree dimensions. Biol Plant 24:446–460

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Čermák J, Jeník J, Kučera J, Židek V (1984) Xylem water flow in a crack willow tree (Salix fragilis L.) in relation to diurnal changes of environment. Oecologia 64:145–151

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Čermák J, Kučera J, Prax A, Balek J (1986) Transpiration and water regime of the pine stand in the sand-rock region of poor pine forests (in Czech). In: Proc. Symp. VSZ v Brne “Funkce lesù v životním prostredi” (pp 67–73), Brno

    Google Scholar 

  • Čermák J, Kučera J, Štepánková M (1991) Water consumption of full-grown oak (Quercus robur L.) in a floodplain forest after the cessation of flooding. In: Penka M, Vyskot M, Klimo E, Vašícek F (eds) Floodplain forest ecosystem II, vol 15B, Development in Agriculture and Management Forest Ecology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, Tokyo, pp 397–417

    Google Scholar 

  • Čermák J, Matyssek R, Kučera J (1993) Rapid response of large, drought stressed beech trees to irrigation. Tree Physiol 12:281–290

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Čermák J, Riguzzi F, Ceulemns R (1998) Scaling up from the individual trees to the stand level in Scots pine: 1. Needle distribution, overall crown and root geometry. Ann Sci For 55:63–88

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Čermák J, Nadezhdina N, Raschi A, Tognetti R (1998b) Sap flow in Quercus pubescens and Q. cerris stands in Italy. In: Proceedings of the 4th international workshop on measuring sap flow in intact plants. Židlochovice, Czech Republic, IUFRO Publications, Publishing house of Mendel University, Brno, 3–5 Oct 1998, pp 134–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Čermák J, Hruška J, Martinková M, Prax A (2000) Urban tree root systems and their survival near houses analyzed using ground penetrating radar and sap flow techniques. Plant Soil 219:103–115

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Čermák J, Nadezhdina N, Jimenez M.S, Morales D, Raschi A, Tognetti R (2001a) Long-term sap flow and biometric studies in laurel and oak forests – Canary Islands and Italy. In: Radoglou K (ed) Proceedings of the international conference on “forest research: a challenge for an integrated European approach”, Thesalonniki, Greece, 27 Aug–1 Sept 2001, Vol II., pp 489–494

    Google Scholar 

  • Čermák J, Kučera J, Prax A, Bednářová E, Tatarinov F, Nadyezhdin V (2001) Long-term course of transpiration in a floodplain forest in southern Moravia associated with changes of underground water table. Ekologia (Bratisl) 20(suppl 1):92–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Čermák J, Jimenez MS, Gonzales-Rodriguez AM, Morales D (2002) Laurel forests in Tenerife, Canary Islands: efficiency of water conducting system in Laurus azorica trees. Trees 16:538–546

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Čermák J, Kučera J, Nadezhdina N (2004) Sap flow measurements with two thermodynamic methods, flow integration within trees and scaling up from sample trees to entire forest stands. Trees 18:529–546

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Čermák J, Ulrich R, Staněk Z, Koller J, Aubrecht L (2006) Electric measurement of the absorbing surfaces in whole tree roots by the earth impedance method – II. Verification based on allometric relationships and root severing experiments. Tree Physiol 26:1113–1121

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Čermák J, Kučera N, Bauerle WL, Phillips J, Hinckley TM (2007) Tree water storage and its diurnal dynamics related to sap flow and changes of trunk volume in old-growth Douglas-fir trees. Tree Physiol 27:181–198

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Cermák J., Ulrich R., Culek I., Cermák M. 2008. Visualization of root systems by the supersonic air stream. In: Neruda J. (ed.): Determination of damage to soil and root system of forest trees by the operation of logging machines. Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry Publishing House, Brno 2008, pp 89–95

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Čermák J, Nadezhdina N, Meiresonne L, Ceulemans R (2008a) Scots pine root distribution derived from radial sap flow patterns in stems of large leaning trees. Plant Soil 305:61–75

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Čermák J, Tognetti R, Nadezhdina N, Raschi A (2008b) Stand structure and foliage distribution in Quercus pubescens and Quercus cerris forests in Tuscany (central Italy). For Ecol Managem 255:1810–1819

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Chiesi M, Maselli F, Bindi M, Fibbi L, Bonora L, Raschi A, Čermák J, Nadezhdina N (2001) Calibration and application of forest-BCG in a Mediterraen area by the use of conventional and remote sensing data. Ecol Model 154:251–262

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Divos F, Szalai L (2003) Tree evaluation by acoustic tomography. In: Beall FC (ed) Proceedings of the 13th international symposium on nondestructive testing of wood, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 19–21 Aug 2002, pp 251–256

    Google Scholar 

  • Geyer B, Jarvis P (1991) A review of models of soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer schemes (SVATS). A report to the TIGER III Committee, March 1991, Edinburgh, 69 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson-Sellers A, Mc Guffie K, Pitman AJ (1996) The project of intercomparison of land-surface parametrization schemes (PILPS): 1992–1995. Clim Dyn 12:849–859

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Hinckley TM, Lassoie JP, Running SW (1978) Temporal and spatial variations in the water status of forest trees. For Sci Monogr 20:72

    Google Scholar 

  • Hruška J, Čermák J, Šustek S (1999) Mapping of tree root systems by means of the ground ­penetrating radar. Tree Physiol 19:125–130

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Janssens IA, Sampson DA, Čermák J, Meiresonne L, Riguzzi F, Overloop S, Ceulemans R (1999) Above- and belowground phytomass and carbon storage in a Belgian Scots pine stand. Ann For Sci 56:81–90

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Jeník J (1957) Root system of pedunculate and sessile oaks. (in Czech). Rozpr Cesk Akad 67:1–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Krejzar T, Kravka M (1998) Sap flow and vessel distribution in annual rings and petioles of large oaks. Lesnictvi-Forestry 44:193–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Kučera J, Čermák J, Penka M (1977) Improved thermal method of continual recording the transpiration flow rate dynamics. Biol Plant 19:413–420

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Kutschera L, Lichtenegger E (2002) Wurzelatlas mitteleuropaischer Waldbäume und Sträucher. Leopold Stocker Verlag, Graz, p 604

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindroth A, Čermák J, Kučera J, Cienciala E, Eckersten H (1995) Sap flow by heat balance method applied to small size Salix-trees in a short-rotation forest. Biomass Bioenergy 8:7–15

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Matyssek R, Čermák J, Kučera J (1991) Ursacheneingrenzung eines lokalen Buchensterbens mit einer Messmethode der Kronentranspiration. Schweiz Z Forstwes 142:809–828

    Google Scholar 

  • Meinzer FC, Brooks JR, Domec JC, Gartner BL, Warren JM, Woodruff DR, Bible KD, Shaw DC (2006) Dynamics of water transport and storage in conifers studied with deuterium and heat tracing techniques. Plant Cell Environ 29:105–114

    PubMed  CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meiresonne L, Sampson DA, Kowalski AS, Janssens IA, Nadezhdina N, Čermák J, Van Slycken J, Ceulemans R (2003) Water flux estimates from a Belgian Scots pine stand: a comparison of different approaches. J Hydrol 270:230–252

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Morales D, Gonzalez-Rodriguez AM, Čermák J, Jimenez MS (1996a) Laurel forests in Tenerife, Canary Islands: the vertical profiles of leaf characteristics. Phyton 36:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Morales D, Jimenez MS, Gonzalez-Rodriguez AM, Čermák J (1996b) Laurel forests in Tenerife, Canary Islands: I. The site stand structure and leaf distribution. Trees 11:34–40

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Morales D, Jimenez MS, Gonzalez-Rodriguez AM, Čermák J (1996c) Laurel forests in Tenerife, Canary Islands: II. Leaf distribution patterns in individual trees. Trees 11:41–46

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Morales D, Jimenez MS, Gonzalez-Rodriguez AM, Čermák J (2002) Laurel forests in Tenerife, Canary Islands: Vessel distribution in stems and in petioles of Laurus azorica trees. Trees 16:529–537

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Mualem Y (1986) Hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils: prediction and formulas. In: Kluthe A (ed) Methods of soil analyses. Part 1. Physical and mineralogical methods. Agronomy Monographs 9, 2nd edn. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp 799–823

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadezhdina,N, Čermák J (2000a) Responses of sap flow in spruce roots to mechanical injury. In: Klimo E, Hager H, Kulhavy J (eds) Spruce monocultures in Central Europe: problems and prospects. EFI Proceedings 33:167–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadezhdina N, Čermák J (2000) Responses of sap flow rate along tree stem and coarse root radii to changes of water supply. Plant Soil 12:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadezhdina N, Čermák J (2003) Instrumental methods for studies of structure and function of root systems in large trees. J Exp Bot 54:1511–1521

    PubMed  CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nadezhdina N, Čermák J, Nadezhdin V (1998) Heat field deformation method for sap flow measurements. In: Proceedings of the 4th international workshop on measuring sap flow in intact plants. Židlochovice, Czech Republic, IUFRO Publications, Publishing house of Mendel University, Brno, 3–5 Oct 1998, pp 72–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadezhdina N, Čermák J, Ceulemans R (2002) Radial pattern of sap flow in woody stems related to positioning of sensors and scaling errors in dominant and understorey species. Tree Physiol 22:907–918

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Nadezhdina N, Čermák J, Neruda J, Prax A, Ulrich R, Nadezhdin V, Gašpárek J, Pokorný E (2006a) Roots under the load of heavy machinery in spruce trees. Eur J For Res 125:111–128

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Nadezhdina N, Čermák J, Gašpárek J, Nadezhdin V, Prax A (2006b) Vertical and horizontal water redistribution within Norway spruce (Picea abies) roots in the Moravian Upland. Tree Physiol 26:1277–1288

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Nadezhdina N, Nadezhdin V, Ferreira MI, Pitacco A (2007a) Variability with xylem depth in sap flow in trunks and branches of mature olive trees. Tree Physiol 27:105–113

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Nadezhdina N, Čermák J, Meiresonne L, Ceulemans R (2007b) Transpiration of Scots pine in Flanders growing on soil with irregular substratum. For Ecol Manage 243:1–9

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Nadezhdina N., Čermák J., Nadezhdin V., Gašpárek J. 2008. Responses of sap flow in roots and tree stems. In: Neruda J. (ed.): Determination of damage to soil and root system of forest trees by the operation of logging machines. Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry Publishing House, Brno 2008, pp 106–116

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Oltchev A, Čermák J, Nadezhdina N, Tatarinov F, Tischenko A, Ibrom A, Gravenhorst G (2002) Transpiration of a mixed forest stand: field measurements and simulation using SVAT models. Boreal Environ Res 7:389–397

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallardy SG, Kozlowski TT (1979) Early root and shoot growth of Populus clones. Silvae Genetica 28:153–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Pietsch S, Hasenauer H, Kučera J, Čermák J (2003) Modeling the effects of hydrological changes on the carbon and nitrogen balance of oak in floodplains. Tree Physiol 23:735–746

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips NG, Ryan MG, Bond BJ, McDowell NG, Hinckley TM, Čermák J (2003) Reliance on stored water with tree size in three species in the Pacific Northwest. Tree Physiol 23:237–245

    PubMed  CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Randuška D, Vorel J, Plíva K (1986) Phytocenology and forest typology. State Agricultural Publishers (SZN), Prague, 340 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Raupach MR, Finnigan JJ (1986) Single-layer models of evapotranspiration from plant canopy are incorrect but useful, whereas multi-layer models are correct but useless. Discuss Aust J Plant Physiol 15:705–716

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzo DM, Gross R (2000) Distribution of Armillaria melea on pear root systems and comparison of excavation techniques. In: Stokes A (ed) The supporting roots of trees and woody plants: form, function and physiology, vol 87, Developments in plant and soil sciences. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 305–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers R, Hinckley TM (1979) Foliar weight and area related to current sapwood area in oak. For Sci 25:298–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Running SW (1980) Relating plant capacitance to the water relations of Pinus contorta. For Ecol Manage 2:237–252

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Running SW, Coughlan JC (1988) A general model of forest ecosystem processes for regional applications. I. Hydrological balance, canopy gas exchange and primary production processes. Ecol Model 42:1425–1454

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Running SW, Justice CO, Salomonson V, Hall D, Barker J, Kaufmann YJ, Strahler AH, Huete AR, Muller JP, Vanderbilt V, Wan ZM, Teillet P, Carneggie D (1994) Terrestrial remote sensing science and algorithms planned for EOS/MODISE. Int J Remote Sens 15:3587–3620

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Rychnovská M, Čermák J, Šmíd P (1980) Water output in a stand of Phragmites communis Trin. A comparison of three methods. Acta Sci Nat (Brno) 14:1–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Schume H (1992) Vegetations- und Standortskundliche Untersuchungen in Eichenwäldern des nordostlichen Niederösterreichs unter Zuhilfenahme multivariater Methoden. FIW-Forschungsbericht. University für Bodenkultur, Vienna, p 138

    Google Scholar 

  • Schume H (1993) Standortliche Zonierung von Eichenwaldökosystemen in Österreich. In: Neuhuber F (ed) FIW-Forschungberichte 1993/95. University für Bodenkultur, Vienna, pp 118–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellers PJ, Dickinson RE, Randall DA, Betts AK, Hall FG, Berry JA, Collatz GJ, Denning AS, Mooney HA, Nobre CA, Sato N, Field CB, Henderson-Sellers A (1997) Modeling the exchanges of energy, water and carbon between continents and the atmosphere. Science 275:502–509

    PubMed  CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snell JAK, Brown JK (1978) Comparison of tree biomass estimators – dbh and sapwood area. For Sci 24:455–465

    Google Scholar 

  • Spanner MA, Pierce LL, Pettersons DL, Running SW (1990) Remote sensing of temperate coniferous forest leaf area index. The influence of canopy closure, understorey vegetation and background reflectance. Int J Remote Sens 11:95–111

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Stokes A, Berthier S, Nadezhdina N, Čermák J, Loustau D (2000) Sap flow in trees in influenced by stem movement. In: Spatz HC, Speck T (eds) Proceedings of the 3rd plant biomechanics conference, Freiburg-Badenweiler, 27 Aug–2 Sept 2000. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, New York, pp 272–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Stokes A, Fourcaud T, Hruška J, Čermák J, Nadyezhdina N, Nadyezhdin V, Praus L (2002) An evaluation of different methods to investigate root system architecture of urban trees in situ. I. Ground penetrating radar. J Arboric 28:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatarinov F, Čermák J (1999) Daily and seasonal variation of stem radius in oak. Ann Sci For 56:579–590

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Tatarinov F, Bochkarev Y, Oltchev A, Nadezhdina N, Čermák J (2005a) Effect of contrasting water supply on the diameter growth of Norway spruce and aspen in mixed stands: a case study from the southern Russian taiga. Ann For Sci 62:1–10

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Tatarinov FA, Kučera J, Cienciala E (2005b) The analysis of physical background of tree sap flow measurements based on thermal methods. Meas Sci Technol 16:1157–1169

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tatarinov F, Urban J, Čermák J (2008) The application of “clump technique” for root system studies of Quercus robur and Fraxinus excelsior. For Ecol Manage 255:495–505

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Thornton PE (1998) Description of a numerical simulation model for predicting the dynamics of energy, water, carbon and nitrogen in a terrestrial ecosystems. Ph.D. thesis, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 280 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornton PE, Running SW (1999) An improved algorithm for estimating incident daily solar radiation from measurements of temperature, humidity and precipitation. Agric For Meteoro 93:211–228

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Urban J, Tatarinov F, Nadezhdina N, Čermák J, Ceulemans R (2009) Crown structure and leaf area of the understorey species Prunus serotina. Trees 23:391–399

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Zande D, Mereu S, Nadezhdina N, Cermak J, Muys B, Coppin P, Manes F (2009) 3D upscaling of transpiration from leaf to tree using ground based LIDAR: application on a Mediterraen Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) tree. Agric For Meteorol 149:1573–1583

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Verbeeck H, Steppe K, Nadezhdina N, Op de Beeck M, Deckmyn G, Meiresonne L, Lemeur R, Cermak J, Ceulemans R, Janssens IA (2007) Storage water use and transpiration in Scots pine: a modeling analysis using ANAFORE. Tree Physiol 27:1671–1685

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Vyskot M (1976) Tree story biomass in lowland forests in South Moravia. Rozpravy CSAV (Praha) 86:86

    Google Scholar 

  • Waring RH, Running SW (1978) Sapwood water storage: Its contribution to transpiration and effect upon water conductance through the stems of old growth Douglas-fir. Plant Cell Environ 1:131–140

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Waring RH, Thies WG, Muscato D (1980) Stem growth per unit of leaf area: a measure of tree vigor. For Sci 26:112–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Waring RH, Running SW (1998) Forest ecosystems, analysis at multiple scales. Academic, San Diego, CA, 370 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead D (1978) The estimation of foliage area from sapwood basal area in Scots Pine. Forestry 51:137–146

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao CW, Curiel Yuste J, Janssens IA, Roskams P, Nachtergale L, Carrara A, Sanchez BY, Ceulemans R (2003) Above- and belowground biomass and net primary production in a 73-year-old Scots pine forest. Tree Physiol 23:505–516

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Zappa M, Gurtz J, Jasper K, Vitvar T (2001) The response of the water flows of the boreal forest region at the Volga’s source area to climatic and land-use changes. Volga Forest Report of Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 21 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Zlatník A (1976) Forest phytocenology. State Agricultural Publishers (SZN), Prague, 500 pp

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The work on this chapter was done within the framework of the Research Invention of Czech MSM No.6215648902 and project NAZV QC 60063.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemědělská 3, CZ 61300, Brno, Czech Republic

    Jan Cermak & Nadezhda Nadezhdina

Authors
  1. Jan Cermak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nadezhda Nadezhdina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jan Cermak .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Forschungszentrum Waldökosysteme, Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany

    Michael Bredemeier

  2. , ARO Volcani Center, Institute of Soil, Water and Environment, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel

    Shabtai Cohen

  3. College of Natural Sciences, School of the Environment & Natural Reso, University of Wales, Bangor, LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, United Kingdom

    Douglas L. Godbold

  4. , Institute of Ecology, Tallinn University, Uus-Sadama 5, Tallinn, 10120, Estonia

    Elve Lode

  5. Faculty of Forestry, Department of Natural Environment, Technical University Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, Zvolen, 96053, Slovakia

    Viliam Pichler

  6. Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, Zürcherstr. 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland

    Patrick Schleppi

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cermak, J., Nadezhdina, N. (2010). Field Studies of Whole-Tree Leaf and Root Distribution and Water Relations in Several European Forests. In: Bredemeier, M., Cohen, S., Godbold, D., Lode, E., Pichler, V., Schleppi, P. (eds) Forest Management and the Water Cycle. Ecological Studies, vol 212. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9834-4_4

Download citation