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Symbioses and Stress pp 225–241Cite as

Azolla as a Superorganism. Its Implication in Symbiotic Studies

Part of the Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology book series (COLE,volume 17)

Abstract

The symbiosis history begun many million years ago, probably even before the first manifestation of life arose in our planet (Carrapiço et al., 2007). But it was only in the nineteenth century with the presentation in 1867, by the Swiss botanist Simon Schwendener, of the “dual hypothesis” related to the lichens structure, that this “real story” had a scientific starting point for society (Boucher, 1985; Sapp, 1994; Honegger, 2000).

Keywords

  • Symbiotic Association
  • Symbiotic System
  • Dorsal Lobe
  • Central Arctic Ocean
  • Simple Hair

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This article is dedicated to Prof. Maria Grilli Caiola life’s work and her contribution to the construction and development of the modern symbiotic studies, namely on the Azolla-Anabaena bacteria research.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    This article is dedicated to Prof. Maria Grilli Caiola life’s work and her contribution to the construction and development of the modern symbiotic studies, namely on the Azolla-Anabaena-bacteria research.

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Acknowledgments

The author is grateful and expresses his sincere thanks to Dr. Frédéric Danet, Head of the Herbarium of the Botanical Garden of Lyon (LYJB), France, for the photos and information about the Azolla samples existing at the LYJB, and to Dr. Cécile Aupic, Dr. Gérard Aymonin, and Dr. Germinal Rouhan, from the Herbarium of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturel of Paris, for the facilities to study the historical Azolla samples existing in their Institution. A special thanks to Dr. Jeannine Monnier for the information on Philibert Commerson’s life and work and to Dr. Jonathan Bujak for the discussion and comments on the ACEX material and Azolla found in the Arctic, and to Dr. Ana L. Pereira for the research work developed on the biology of Azolla for her Ph.D. thesis. A particular thanks to the anonymous referee for the comments and suggestions and to Helena Carrapiço for the English revision of the manuscript.

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  1. Faculty of Science, Department of Plant Biology, Centre for Environmental Biology, University of Lisbon, Bloco C2, Campo Grande, 1749–016, Lisboa, Portugal

    Francisco Carrapiço

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  1. University of Jerusalem, Mevo Hadas 20, Efrat, 90435, Israel

    Joseph Seckbach

  2. , Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University, Holteigasse 6, Graz, 8010, Austria

    Martin Grube

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Carrapiço, F. (2010). Azolla as a Superorganism. Its Implication in Symbiotic Studies. In: Seckbach, J., Grube, M. (eds) Symbioses and Stress. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology, vol 17. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9449-0_11

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