Abstract
This reaction is carried out by an enzyme, glutamine synthetase, whose occurrence is not restricted to microorganisms. It is esential not only for the synthesis of glutamine, a building block of proteins. Glutamine contributes also through its amide group to the synthesis of many nitrogen containing substances; in addition, it is an obligatory intermediate in ammonia assimilation in ammonia-limited media.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsSelected References
Glutamine Synthetase Activity and Its Regulation by Covalent Modification: Structure
S. G. Rhee, P. B. Chock and E. R. Stadtman, Advances in Enzymology, 62, 36–92 (1989).
R. J. Almassy, C. A. Johnson, R. Hanlyn, N. H. Xuong and D. Eisenberg, Nature, 323, 3304–309 (1986).
S. H. Liaw C. Pan and D. Eisenberg, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 4996–5000 (1993).
R. C. Valentine, B. M. Shapiro and E. R. Stadtman, Biochemistry, 7, 2143–2152 (1968).
A. Hesketh, D. Fink, B. Gust, H. U. Rexer, B. Scheel, K. Chater, W. Wohlleben and A. Engels, Mol Microbiol., 46, 319–30 (2002).
Glutamine Synthetase: Regulation of Gene Expression
S. Kustu, K. Sei and J. Keener, in Regulation of gene expression-25 years on, I. R. Booth and C. F. Higgins, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 139–154 (1986).
A. J. Ninfa and B. Magasanik., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83, 5909–5913 (1986).
J. Keener and S. Kustu, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85, 4976–4980 (1988).
The Levels of Glutamine Synthetase Are also Regulated by Oxidation Followed by Proteolytic Degradation
E. R. Stadtman, Science, 257, 1220–1224 (1992).
S-H Liaw, J. J. Villafranca and D. Eisenberg, Biochemistry, 32, 7999–8003 (1993).
Glutamate Synthase
R. E. Miller and E. R. Stadtman, J. Biol. Chem., 247, 7407–7419 (1972)
A. R. Rendina and W. H. Orme-Johnson, Biochemistry, 17, 5388–5393 (1978)
Proline Biosynthesis
L. N. Csonka and A. Baich, in Amino acids: Biosynthesis and Genetic Regulation (K. M. Herrmann and R. L. Somerville, eds.), Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts, 35–51 (1983)
J. Kenklies, R. Ziehn, K. Fritsche, A. Pich, and J. R. Andreesen, Microbiology, 145, 819–826 (1999).
Arginine Biosynthesis and Regulation
R. Cunin, N. Glansdorff, A. Pièrard and V. Stalon, Microbiol. Revs., 50, 314–352 (1986).
D. Lim, J. Oppenheim, T. Eckhardt, and W. K. Maas, in Gene expression and regulation: The legacy of Luigi Gorini, 55–63. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam (1988).
A. Abadjieva, K. Pauwels, P. Hilven, and M. Crabeel, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 42869–42880 (2001).
The Arginine Repressor
W. K. Maas, Bacteriol. Revs., 58, 641–685 (1994).
H. Wang, N. Glansdorff and D. Charlier, J. Mol. Biol., 277, 805–824 (1998).
The Methionine Salvage Pathway
R. W. Myers, J. W. Wray, S. Fish and R. H. Abeles, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 24785–91 (1993).
A. Sekowska and A. Danchin, BMC Microbiol., 25, 8 (2002).
Nitric Oxide Synthase
J. Sudhamsu and B.R. Crane, Trends in Microbiology, 17, 212–218 (2009).
Aminoadipic Acid Pathway
J. K. Bhattacharjee, Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 12, 131–51 (1985).
A. Feller, F. Ramos, A. Piérard and E. Dubois, Eur. J. Biochem., 261, 163–70 (1999).
E. Johansson, J. J. Steffens, Y. Lindqvist and G. Schneider, Structure Fold Des, 1037–47 (2000)
S.L. Bulfer, E.M. Scott, L.Pillus and R.C. Trievel J. Biol. Chem. 285, 10446–10453(2010).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Netherlands
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cohen, G.N. (2010). Biosynthesis of the Amino Acids of the Glutamic Acid Family and Its Regulation. In: Microbial Biochemistry. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9437-7_28
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9437-7_28
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-9436-0
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-9437-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)