Abstract
In this chapter, the case of anti-fouling paints will be used as an example on how risks might remain undiscovered due to how the regulations are used and interpreted. The example will be used to illustrate that it is important to continuously develop the legislation to avoid unwanted effects on both human and environmental health. It is also of utmost importance that the interpretation of the new legislation, especially in the beginning, which will be guidance for future decisions, is interpreted in a sound way that will lead to a sustainable use of chemicals.
Keywords
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Alzieu, C.L., Sanjuan, J., Deltreil, J.P., Borel, M. (1986) Tin contamination in Arcachon Bay: effects on oyster shell anomalies. Marine Pollution Bulletin 17: 494–498.
Andersson, S., Kautsky, L. (1996) Copper effects on reproductive stages of Baltic Sea Fucus vesiculosis. Marine Biology 125: 171–176.
Bryan, G.W., Gibbs, P.E., Hummerstone, L.G., Burt, G.R. (1986) The decline of the gastropod Nucella lapillus around south-west England: evidence for the effect of tributyltin from anti-fouling paints. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 66: 611–640.
Chau, Y.K., Maguire, R.G., Brown, M., Yang, F., Hummerstone, L.G. (1997) Occurrence of organoton compounds in the Canadian aquatic environment five years after the regulation of anti-fouling uses of tributyltin. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 32: 453–521.
Common Implementation Strategy for the Water Frame Directive (2005) Environmental Quality Standards (EQS). Substance Data Sheet. Priority Substance No 30, Tributyltin compounds (TBT-ion) Cas-No 688-73-3 (36643-28-4).
Cornelissen, G., Pettersen, A., Nesse, E., Eel, E., Helland, A., Breedveld, G.D. (2008) The contribution of urban runoff to organic contaminant levels in harbour sediments near the Norwegian cities. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56: 565–573.
Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances.
Council Directive 76/768/EEC of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products.
Council Directive 89/107/EEC of 21 December 1988 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning food additives authorized for use in foodstuffs intended for human consumption.
Council Directive 89/677/EEC of 21 December 1989 amending for the eighth time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the member states relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations. 31989L0677R(01) and (02).
Council Directive 91/414/EEC of 15 July 1991 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market.
Council Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 16 February 1998 concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market.
Council Directive EU 2001/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use.
Dahl, B., Blanck, H. (1996) Toxic effects of the anti-fouling agent 1051 on Periphyton communities in coastal water microcosms. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32: 342–350.
Danish EPA. http://www.mst.dk/Bekaempelsesmidler/Biocider/For+fritidssejlere/Regler/01070101.htm Cited in June 2008.
Directive 2001/82/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Community code relating to veterinary medicinal products.
Doc-Biocides-2002/01 Version 08.01.2008, Guidance document agreed between the Commission services and the competent authorities of the Member States for the Biocidal Products Directive 98/8/EC and for the Medicinal Products for Human Use Directive 2001/83/EC and the Veterinary Medicinal Products Directive 2001/82/EC Borderline between Directive 98/8/EC concerning the placing on the market of biocidal products, Directive 2001/83/EC concerning medicinal products for human use and Directive 2001/82/EC concerning veterinary medicinal products.
Doc-Biocides-2002/03-rev1 24.05.2004, Guidance document agreed between the Commission services and the competent authorities of Member States for the biocidal products Directive 98/8/EC and for the cosmetic products Directive 76/768/EEC Borderline between Directive 98/8/EC concerning the placing on the market of biocidal products and Directive 76/768/EEC concerning cosmetics products.
EC 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC.
EG 782/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 April 2003 on the prohibition of organotin compounds on ships. 32003R0782.
Eklund, B. (2005) Development of growth inhibition test with the marine and brackish water red alga Ceramium tenuicorne. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50: 921–930.
Eklund, B., Elfström, M., Borg, H. (2008) TBT originates from pleasure boats in Sweden in spite of firm restrictions. Open Environmental Journal 2: 124–132.
Férnandez-Alba, A.R., Hernando, M.D., Piedra, L., Chisti, Y. (2002) Toxicity evaluation of single and mixed anti-fouling biocides measured with acute toxicity bioassays. Analytica Chimica Acta 456: 303–312.
Haglund, K., Pettersson, A., Peterson., M., Kylin, H., Lord, S.C. and Dollenmeier, P. (2001) Seasonal distribution of the anti-fouling compound Irgarol 1051 outside a marina in the Stockholm archipelago. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 66: 50–58.
IMO (2001) International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems on Ships, IMO (the AFS Convention). London 18 October 2001.
IMO (2005) Revised guidelines for the identification and designation of Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs). IMO resolution A. 982(24).
International Standardisation Organisation (ISO) (2010) Water Quality—Growth inhibition test with the brackish water and marine macroalga Ceramium tenuicorne. ISO 10710.
Karlsson, J., Eklund, B. (2004) New biocide-free anti-fouling paints are toxic. Marine Pollution Bulletin 49: 456–464.
Karlsson, J., Breitholtz, M., Eklund, B. (2006) A practical ranking system to compare toxicity of anti-fouling paints. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52: 456–464.
Kautsky, N., Tedengren, M. (1992) Ecophysiological strategies in Baltic Sea invertebrates. In: Björnestad E., Hagerman L. and Jensen K. (eds.) Proceedings of the 12th Baltic Marine Biologists Symposium. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg.
KemI (1992) Antifouling Products – Pleasure boats, commercial vessels, nets, fish cages and other underwater equipment. Eds. Debourg, C., Johnson, A., Lye, C., Törnqvist, L. and Unger, C. (In English KemI Report No 2/93). Stockholm.
KemI (1998a). Biocidprocessen, Antifoulingprodukter. Fritidsbåtar. Eds.Eriksson, U., Lindgren, P., Olsson, B. and Unger, C. Kemikalieinspektionen PM 1998. Stockholm (In Swedish).
KemI (1998b) Biocidprocessen, Antifoulingprodukter för yrkesmässigt bruk, Fartyg längre än 12 meter. Eds. Lindgren, P., Olsson, B. and Unger, C. (In Swedish).
KemI (2005) Båtbottenfärger till fritidsbåtar. Ett inspektionsprojekt. KemI PM 3/03. Stockholm (In Swedish).
KemI (2008) Underlag till den andra fördjupade utvärderingen av miljökvalitetsmålet Giftfri miljö. Stockholm (In Swedish).
KIFS (2008:2) The Chemical Products and Biotechnical Organisms Regulations. Last amendment is KIFS 2008: 5.
KIFS (2008:3) Kemikalieinspektionens föreskrifter (KIFS 2008:3) om bekämpningsmedel. Stockholm.
Konstantinou, I. K., Albanis, T.A. (2004) Worlwide occurrence and effects of anti-fouling paint booster biocides in the aquatic environment: a review. Environment International 30: 235–248.
Lithner, D., Damberg, J., Dave, G. Larsson, Å. (2009) Leachates from plastic consumer products – screening for toxicity with Daphnia magna. Chemosphere 74: 1195–1200.
Lunn, I. (1974) Antifouling: A Brief Introduction to the Origins and Developments of the Marine Antifouling Industry. BCA, Thame.
Magnusson M, Borgegren A, Granmo Å (2005) Investigation of imposex on the Swedish west coast using Nassarius nitidus as a bioindicator species 2005. Report to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 2005, Stockholm, Sweden.
Okamura, H., Aoyama, I., Liu, D., Maguire, R.J., Pacepavicius, G.J., Lau, Y.L. (2000) Fate and ecotoxicity of the new anti-fouling compound Irgarol 1051 in the aquatic environment. Water Research 34: 3523–3530.
Okamura, H., Aoyama, I., Ono, Y., Nishida, T. (2003) Anti-fouling herbicides in the coastal waters of western Japan. Marine Pollution Bulletin 47: 59–67.
Pettersson, A., Adamsson, M., Dave, G. (2000) Toxicity and detoxification of Swedish detergents and softener products. Chemosphere 41: 1611–1620.
Rydén, L., Migula, P., Andersson, M. (2003) Environmental Science. A Baltic University Publication, Sweden.
SIS (1991) Determination of acute lethal toxicity of chemical substances and effluents to Nitocra spinipes Boeck- Static procedure. Swedish standard SS 02 81 06, Stockholm, Sweden.
Strand, J., Jacobsen, J.A. (2002) Imposex in the sublittoral neogastropods common whelk (Buccinium undatum) and red whelk (Neptunea antiqua) in Danish water. Marine Ecology Progress Series 244: 171–177.
Strand, J., Jacobsen, J.A., Pedersen, B., Granmo, Å. (2003) Butyltin compounds in sediment and mollusks from the shipping strait between Denmark and Sweden. Environmental Pollution 124: 7–15.
Thomas, K.V., Fileman, T.W., Readman, J.W., Waldock, M.J. (2001) Anti-fouling paint booster biocides in the UK coastal environment and potential risks of biological effects. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42: 677–688.
Thomas, K.V., McHugh, M., Waldock, M. (2002) Antifouling paint booster biocides in UK coastal waters: inputs, occurrence and environmental fate. The Science of the Total Environment 293: 117–127.
USEPA, US Congress (1987) The organising antifouling paint control act of 1988 (33 USC 2401). Public law 1988: 100–333.
Viglino, L., Pelletier, E., St-Louis, R. (2004) Highly persistent butyltins in northern marine sediments: a long-term threat for the Saguenay Fjord (Canada). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23: 2673–2681.
Voulvoulis, N., Scrimshaw, M.D., Lester, J.N. (2000) Occurrence of four biocides utilized in anti-fouling paints, as alternatives to organotin compounds, in waters and sediments of a commercial estuary in the UK. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40: 938–946.
Voulvoulis, N., Scrimshaw, M.D., Lester, J.N. (2002) Comparative environmental assessment of biocides used in anti-fouling paints. Chemosphere 47: 789–795.
Walker, C.H., Hopkin, S.P., Sibly, R.M., Peakall, D.B. (2001) Principles of Ecotoxicology, 2nd edition. Taylor & Francis, New York.
Wik, A., Dave, G. (2005) Environmental labelling of car tires- toxicity to Daphnia magna can be used as a screening method. Chemosphere 58: 645–651.
Wik, A., Dave, G.(2006) Acute toxicity of leachates of tire wear material to Daphnia magna – variability and toxic components. Chemosphere 64: 1777–1784.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) (1952) Marine fouling and its prevention. US Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland. http://hdl.handle.net/1912/191
Yebra DM, Kiil S, Dam-Johansen K. (2004) Antifouling technology – past, present and future steps towards efficient and environmentally friendly antifouling coatings. Progress in Organic Coatings 50: 75–104.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Eklund, B., Karlsson, J. (2010). Assessing Chemical Risks: Evaluating Products Rather than Substances, and the Case of Anti-fouling Paints. In: Eriksson, J., Gilek, M., Rudén, C. (eds) Regulating Chemical Risks. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9428-5_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9428-5_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-9427-8
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-9428-5
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)