Abstract
The Controlled English to Logic (CELT) system translates a restricted English grammar to expressions in formal logic. The logic statements use terms from a large formal ontology, the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO), giving each resulting statement a wealth of deep meaning, similar in kind if not in degree to capturing the meaning a human associates with words in context.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Allen, J.F., L.K. Schubert, G. Ferguson, P. Heeman, C.H. Hwang, T. Kato, M. Light, N.G. Martin, B.W. Miller, M. Poesio, and D.R. Traum. 1994. The TRAINS project: A case study in defining a conversational planning agent. Technical report. UMI Order Number: TN94-3, University of Rochester.
Covington, M. 1993. Natural language processing for prolog programmers. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Davidson, D. 1980. The logical form of action sentences. Essays on actions and events, 105–22. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, ISBN: 0198246374.
Fellbaum, C., ed. 1998. WordNet: An electronic lexical database. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Fuchs, N., U. Schwertel, and R. Schwitter. 1999. Attempto controlled english (ACE) language manual, Version 3.0. Technical Report 99.03, August 1999, Department of Computer Science, University of Zurich.
Kamp, H., and U. Reyle. 1993. From discourse to logic. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Kucera, H., and W.N. Francis. 1967. Computational analysis of present-day American english. Providence, RI: Brown University Press.
Landes S., C. Leacock, and R.I. Tengi. 1998. Building semantic concordances. In WordNet: An electronic lexical database, ed. C. Fellbaum. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Niles, I., and A. Pease. 2001. Towards a standard upper ontology. In Proceedings of Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS 2001), 17–19 Oct, 2–9. Ogunquit, Maine. See also www.ontologyportal.org
Niles, I., and A. Pease. 2001. Origins of the IEEE standard upper ontology. Working Notes of the IJCAI-2001 Workshop on the IEEE Standard Upper Ontology, 37–42. Seattle, WA.
Niles, I., and A. Pease. 2003. Linking lexicons and ontologies: Mapping wordnet to the suggested upper merged ontology. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Information and Knowledge Engineering, 412–416. Las Vegas, NV.
Pease, A., and W. Murray. 2003. An english to logic translator for ontology-based knowledge representation languages. In Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering, 777–783. Beijing, China.
Vossen, P., and C. Fellbaum, ed. 2002. In Proceedings of the First International WordNet Conference – GWC 2002, 19–25 Jan 2002. Mysore, India: Central Institute of Indian Languages.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the US Army and DARPA for funding the development of CELT, and Army CECOM for funding development of SUMO and the SUMO-WordNet mappings. We would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers of this chapter for their helpful comments, some of which were directly included in the text to improve explanation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Netherlands
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pease, A., Li, J. (2010). Controlled English to Logic Translation. In: Poli, R., Healy, M., Kameas, A. (eds) Theory and Applications of Ontology: Computer Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8847-5_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8847-5_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-8846-8
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-8847-5
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawPhilosophy and Religion (R0)