Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Indoor Air Pollution

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Human Exposure to Pollutants via Dermal Absorption and Inhalation

Part of the book series: Environmental Pollution ((EPOL,volume 17))

Abstract

Population exposure to various air pollutants is likely to be higher in the indoor micro-environment than outdoors due to the amount of time people spend there. Consequently, indoor air quality has drawn considerable attention in recent years. There are noticeable differences in the types and strength of air pollution sources across the globe and they are closely linked to socio-economic developments. Typically higher indoor concentrations occur in developing rather than developed countries. The types, concentration, and sources of indoor air pollutants vary considerably from one micro-environment to another. Hence, an understanding of the concentration of pollutants in different micro-environments is of great importance for improving exposure estimates and, in turn, for developing efficient control strategies to reduce human exposure and health risk.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abt, E., Suh, H. H., Allen, G., & Koutrakis, P. (2000a) Characterization of indoor particle sources: A study conducted in the metropolitan Boston area. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 35–44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abt, E., Suh, H. H., Catalano, P., & Koutrakis, P. (2000b) Relative contribution of outdoor and indoor particle sources to indoor concentrations. Environmental Science & Technology, 34, 3579–3587.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ACGIH. (1999). Bioaerosols: Assessment and control. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, H. S., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Colvile, R. N., McMullen, M. A. S., & Khandelwal, P. (2001). Fine particle (PM2.5) personal exposure levels in transport microenvironments, London, UK. Science of the Total Environment, 279, 29–44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adgate, J. L., Ramachandran, G., Pratt, G. C., Waller, L. A., & Sexton, K. (2003). Longitudinal variability in outdoor, indoor, and personal PM2.5 exposure in healthy non-smoking adults. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 993–1002.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Afshari, A., Matson, U., & Ekberg, L. E. (2005). Characterization of indoor sources of fine and ultrafine particles: A study conducted in a full-scale chamber. Indoor Air, 15, 141–150.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad, K., Jafary, F., Jehan, I., Hatcher, J., Khan, A. Q., Chaturvedi, N., et al. (2005). Prevalence and predictors of smoking in Pakistan: Results of the National Health Survey of Pakistan. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, 12, 203–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albalak, R., Bruce, N., McCracken, J. P., Smith, K. R., & De Gallardo, T. (2001). Indoor respirable particulate matter concentrations from an open fire, improved cookstove, and LPG/open fire combination in a rural Guatemalan community. Environmental Science & Technology, 35, 2650–2655.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albalak, R., Keeler, G. J., Frisancho, A. R., & Haber, M. (1999). Assessment of PM10 concentrations from domestic biomass fuel combustion in two rural Bolivian highland villages. Environmental Science & Technology, 33, 2505–2509.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ambroise, D., Greff-Merguet, G., Görner, P., Fabriès, J., & Hartemann, P. (1999). Measurement of indoor viable airborne bacteria with different bioaerosol samplers. Journal of Aerosol Science, 30, S669–S700.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashmore, M. R., & Dimitroulopoulou, C. (2009). Personal exposure of children to air pollution. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 128–141.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Awad, A. H. A. (2007). Airborne dust, bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi at a flourmill. Aerobiologia, 23, 59–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aydogdu, H., Asan, A., Otkun, M. T., & Ture, M. (2005). Monitoring of fungi and bacteria in the indoor air of primary schools in Edirne city, Turkey. Indoor and Built Environment, 14, 411–425.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balakrishnan, K., Parikh, J., Sankar, S., Padmavathi, R., Srividya, K., Venugopal, V., et al. (2002). Daily average exposures to respirable particulate matter from combustion of biomass fuels in rural households of southern India. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110, 1069–1075.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balakrishnan, K., Sambandam, S., Ramaswamy, P., Mehta, S., & Smith, K. R. (2004). Exposure assessment for respirable particulates associated with household fuel use in rural districts of Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 14, S14–S25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bevan, M. A. J., Proctor, C. J., Bakerrogers, J., & Warren, N. D. (1991). Exposure to carbon-monoxide, respirable suspended particulates, and volatile organic-compounds while commuting by bicycle. Environmental Science & Technology, 25, 788–791.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boleij, J. S. M., Ruigewaard, P., Hoek, F., Thairu, H., Wafula, E., Onyango, F., et al. (1989). Domestic air-pollution from biomass burning in Kenya. Atmospheric Environment, 23, 1677–1681.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bornehag, C. G., Blomquist, G., Gyntelberg, F., Jarholm, B., Malmberg, P., Nordvall, L., et al. (2001). Dampness in buildings and health: Nordic interdisciplinary review of the scientific evidence on associations between exposure to “sampness” in buildings and health effects (NORDDAMP). Indoor Air, 11, 72–86.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouillard, L., Michel, O., Dramaix, M., & Devleeschouwer, M. (2005). Bacterial contamination of indoor air, surfaces, and settled dust, and related dust endotoxin concentrations in healthy office buildings. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 12, 187–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandl, H., von Daniken, A., Hitz, C., & Krebs, W. (2008). Short-term dynamic patterns of bioaerosol generation and displacement in an indoor environment. Aerobiologia, 24, 203–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Branis, M. (2006). The contribution of ambient sources to particulate pollution in spaces and trains of the Prague underground transport system. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 348–356.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, D. J., de Hoogh, K., Morris, C., & Gulliver, J. (2008). Effects of travel mode on exposures to particulate air pollution. Environment International, 34, 12–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brimblecombe, P. (1987). The big smoke. London: Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruce, N., McCracken, J., Albalak, R., Schei, M., Smith, K. R., Lopez, V., et al. (2004). Impact of improved stoves, house construction and child location on levels of indoor air pollution exposure in young Guatemalan children. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 14, S26–S33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burroughs, B., & Hansen, S. J. (2008). Managing indoor air quality (4th ed.). Lilburn: Fairmont Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buttner, M. P., & Stetzenbach, L. D. (1993). Monitoring airborne fungal spores in an experimental indoor environment to evaluate sampling methods and the effects of human activity on air sampling. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59, 219–226.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capasso, L. (2000). Indoor pollution and respiratory diseases in ancient Rome. Lancet, 356, 1774–1774.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CARB. (2005). Indoor air pollution in California: Report to the California legislature. California: California Air Resources Board.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnelly, D., Haldane, J. S., & Anderson, A. M. (1887). The carbonic acid, organic matter and micro-organisms in air, more especially in dwellings and schools. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (Series B), 178, 61–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, A. T. (2002). Indoor-outdoor relationships of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides under different outdoor meteorological conditions. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 1543–1551.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, L. Y., Lau, W. L., Lee, S. C., & Chan, C. Y. (2002a). Commuter exposure to particulate matter in public transportation modes in Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 3363–3373.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, L. Y., Lau, W. L., Zou, S. C., Cao, Z. X., & Lai, S. C. (2002b) Exposure level of carbon monoxide and respirable suspended particulate in public transportation modes while commuting in urban, area of Guangzhou, China. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 5831–5840.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chillrud, S. N., Epstein, D., Ross, J. M., Sax, S. N., Pederson, D., Spengler, J. D., et al. (2004). Elevated airborne exposures of teenagers to manganese, chromium, and iron from steel dust and New York City’s subway system. Environmental Science & Technology, 38, 732–737.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colbeck, I., Nasir, Z.A., & Ali, Z. (2010). Characteristics of indoor/outdoor particulate pollution in urban and rural residential environment of Pakistan. Indoor Air, 20, 40–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conner, T. L., Norris, G. A., Landis, M. S., & Williams, R. W. (2001). Individual particle analysis of indoor, outdoor, and community samples from the 1998 Baltimore particulate matter study. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 3935–3946.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, C. D. N. (1997). Dialogues and letters: Seneca. London: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dasgupta, S., Huq, M., Khaliquzzaman, M., Pandey, K., & Wheeler, D. (2004). Indoor air quality for poor families: New evidence from Bangladesh (Policy Research Working Paper 3393). Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dasgupta, S., Huq, M., Khaliquzzaman, M., Pandey, K., & Wheeler, D. (2006). Indoor air quality for poor families: New evidence from Bangladesh. Indoor Air, 16, 426–444.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Destaillats H., Maddalena R.L., Singer B.C., Hodgson A.T. & McKone T.E. (2008) Indoor pollutants emitted by office equipment: A review of reported data and information needs. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 1371–1388.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Koning, H. W., Smith, K. R., & Last, J. M. (1985). Biomass fuel combustion and health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 63, 11–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeBruin, A. (1967). Carboxyhemoglobin levels due to traffic exhaust. Archives of Environmental Health, 15, 384–389.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dennekamp, M., Howarth, S., Dick, C. A. J., Cherrie, J. W., Donaldson, K., & Seaton, A. (2001). Ultrafine particles and nitrogen oxides generated by gas and electric cooking. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58, 511–516.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desai, M. R., & Ghosh, S. K. (2003). Occupational exposure to airborne fungi among rice mill workers with special reference to aflatoxin producing A-flavus strains. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 10, 159–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desai, M. A., Mehta, S., & Smith, K. R. (2004). Indoor smoke from solid fuels: Assessing the environmental burden of disease at national and local levels. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douwes, J., Thorne, P., Pearce, N., & Heederik, D. (2003). Bioaerosol health effects and exposure assessment: Progress and prospects. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 47, 187–200.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, R. D., Li, Y., He, G., Yin, Z., Sinton, J., Peabody, J., et al. (2007). Household CO and PM measured as part of a review of China’s National Improved Stove Program. Indoor Air, 17, 189–203.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellegard, A. (1996). Cooking fuel smoke and respiratory symptoms among women in low-income areas in Maputo. Environmental Health Perspectives, 104, 980–985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ezzati, M., & Kammen, D. M. (2001). Quantifying the effects of exposure to indoor air pollution from biomass combustion on acute respiratory infections in developing countries. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109, 481–488.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ezzati, M., & Kammen, D. M. (2002). The health impacts of exposure to indoor air pollution from solid fuels in developing countries: Knowledge, gaps, and data needs. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110, 1057–1068.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ezzati, M., Mbinda, B. M., & Kammen, D. M. (2000a). Comparison of emissions and residential exposure from traditional and improved cookstoves in Kenya. Environmental Science & Technology, 34, 578–583.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ezzati, M., Saleh, H., & Kammen, D. M. (2000b). The contributions of emissions and spatial microenvironments to exposure to indoor air pollution from biomass combustion in Kenya. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 833–839.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelman, R. B., Belkin, H. E., & Zheng, B. (1999). Health impacts of domestic coal use in China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96, 3427–3431.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, S. L., & Koshland, C. P. (2007). Daily and peak 1 h indoor air pollution and driving factors in a rural Chinese village. Environmental Science & Technology, 41, 3121–3126.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foarde, K., Dulaney, P., Cole, E., VanOsdel, D., Ensor, D., & Chang, J. (1993). Assessment of fungal growth on ceiling tiles under environmentally characterized conditions. Paper presented at the Indoor Air 93, Jyväskylä, Finland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fondelli, M. C., Chellini, E., Yli-Tuomi, T., Cenni, I., Gasparrini, A., Nava, S., et al. (2008). Fine particle concentrations in buses and taxis in Florence, Italy. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 8185–8193.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fortmann, R., Kariher, P., & Clayton, R. (2001). Indoor air quality: Residential cooking exposure. Report of “State of California Air Resources Board”.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuentes-Leonarte, V., Tenias, J. M., & Ballester, F. (2009). Levels of pollutants in indoor air and respi­ratory health in preschool children: A systematic review. Pediatric Pulmonology, 44, 231–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fullerton, D. G., Bruce, N., & Gordon, S. B. (2008). Indoor air pollution from biomass fuel smoke is a major health concern in the developing world. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 102, 843–851.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gee, I. L., & Raper, D. W. (1999). Commuter exposure to respirable particles inside buses and by bicycle. Science of the Total Environment, 235, 403–405.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gehin, E., Ramalho, O., & Kirchner, S. (2008). Size distribution and emission rate measurement of fine and ultrafine particle from indoor human activities. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 8341–8352.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Godwin, C., & Batterman, S. (2007). Indoor air quality in Michigan schools. Indoor Air, 17, 109–121.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goh, I., Obbard, J. P., Viswanathan, S., & Huang, Y. (2000). Airborne bacteria and fungal spores in the indoor environment – A case study in Singapore. Acta Biotechnologica, 20, 67–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Perales, J. E., Colvile, R. N., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Fernandez-Bremauntz, A., Gutierrez-Avedoy, V. J., Paramo-Figueroa, V. H., et al. (2004). Commuters’ exposure to PM2.5, CO, and benzene in public transport in the metropolitan area of Mexico city. Atmospheric Environment, 38, 1219–1229.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorny, R. L. (2004). Filamentous microorganisms and their fragments in indoor air – a review. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 11, 185–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorny, R. L., Dutkiewicz, J., & Krysinska-Traczyk, E. (1999). Size distribution of bacterial and fungal bioaerosols in indoor air. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 6, 105–113.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Granderson, J., Sandhu, J. S., Vasquez, D., Ramirez, E., & Smith, K. R. (2009). Fuel use and design analysis of improved woodburning cookstoves in the Guatemalan Highlands. Biomass & Bioenergy, 33, 306–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griscom, J. H. (1848). The uses and abuses of air: Showing its influence in sustaining life, and producing disease, with remarks on the ventilation of houses. New York: Kessinger Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gulliver, J., & Briggs, D. J. (2004). Personal exposure to particulate air pollution in transport microenvironments. Atmospheric Environment, 38, 1–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulliver, J., & Briggs, D. J. (2007). Journey-time exposure to particulate air pollution. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 7195–7207.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haas, D., Habib, J., Galler, H., Buzina, W., Schlacher, R., Marth, E., et al. (2007). Assessment of indoor air in Austrian apartments with and without visible mold growth. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 5192–5201.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hameed, A. A. A., Shakour, A. A., & Yasser, H. I. (2003). Evaluation of bio-aerosols at an animal feed manufacturing industry: A case study. Aerobiologia, 19, 1573–3025.

    Google Scholar 

  • Han, X. L., Aguilar-Villalobos, M., Allen, J., Carlton, C. S., Robinson, R., Bayer, C., et al. (2005). Traffic-related occupational exposures to PM2.5, CO, and VOCs in Trujillo, Peru. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 11, 276–288.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, P. T. C. (2002). Indoor air quality guidelines. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59, 73–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He, L. Y., Hu, M., Huang, X. F., Yu, B. D., Zhang, Y. H., & Liu, D. Q. (2004b). Measurement of emissions of fine particulate organic matter from Chinese cooking. Atmospheric Environment, 38, 6557–6564.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He, C. R., Morawska, L. D., Hitchins, J., & Gilbert, D. (2004a). Contribution from indoor sources to particle number and mass concentrations in residential houses. Atmospheric Environment, 38, 3405–3415.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussein T., Hameri K., Heikkinen M.S.A. & Kulmala M. (2005). Indoor and outdoor particle size characterization at a family house in Espoo-Finland. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 3697–709.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He C., Morawska L. & Taplin L. (2007). Particle emission characteristics of office printers. Environmental Science & Technology, 41, 6039–6045.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, J. D. (1993). Pan’s travail: Environmental problems of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Invernizzi, G., Ruprecht, A., Mazza, R., De Marco, C., & Boffi, R. (2004). Transfer of particulate matter pollution from smoking to non-smoking coaches: The explanation for the smoking ban on Italian trains. Tobacco Control, 13, 319–319.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IOM. (2004). Institute of Medicine, board on health promotion and disease prevention committee on damp indoor spaces and health. Damp indoor spaces and health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain, A. K. (2000). Survey of bioaerosol in different indoor working environments in central India. Aerobiologia, 16, 221–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, R., & Bell, M. (2008a). The characterization and health effects of indoor particulate matter pollution from biomass burning in Northeastern China. Epidemiology, 19, S89–S90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, R., & Bell, M. L. (2008b). A comparison of particulate matter from biomass-burning rural and non-biomass-burning urban households in Northeastern China. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116, 907–914.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jin, Y. L., Zhou, Z., He, G. L., Wei, H. Z., Liu, J., Liu, F., et al. (2005). Geographical, spatial, and temporal distributions of multiple indoor air pollutants in four Chinese provinces. Environmental Science & Technology, 39, 9431–9439.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jothish, P. S., & Nayar, T. S. (2004). Airborne fungal spores in a sawmill environment in Palakkad District, Kerala, India. Aerobiologia, 20, 75–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalogerakis, N., Paschali, D., Lekaditis, V., Pantidou, A., Eleftheriadis, K., & Lazaridis, M. (2005). Indoor air quality – bioaerosol measurements in domestic and office premises. Journal of Aerosol Science, 36, 751–761.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur, S., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., & Colvile, R. (2005). Personal exposure of street canyon intersection users to PM2.5, uhrafine particle counts and carbon monoxide in Central. London, UK. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 3629–3641.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, K. Y., & Kim, C. N. (2007). Airborne microbiological characteristics in public buildings of Korea. Building and Environment, 42, 2188–2196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulmala, M., Asmi, A., & Pirjola, L. (1999). Indoor air aerosol model: The effect of outdoor air, filtration and ventilation on indoor concentrations. Atmospheric Environment, 33, 2133–2144.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon, S.-B., Cho, Y., Park, D.-S., & Park, E.-Y. (2008). Study on the indoor air quality of Seoul Metropolitan Subway (SMS) during the rush hour. Paper presented at the Indoor Air 2008, Copenhagen, Denmark.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazaridis, M., Aleksandropoulou, V., Hanssen, J. E., Dye, C., Eleftheriadis, K., & Katsivela, E. (2008). Inorganic and carbonaceous components in indoor/outdoor particulate matter in two residential houses in Oslo, Norway. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 58, 346–356.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazaridis, M., Aleksandropoulou, V., Smolik, J., Hansen, J. E., Glytsos, T., Kalogerakis, N., et al. (2006). Physico-chemical characterization of indoor/outdoor particulate matter in two residential houses in Oslo, Norway: Measurements overview and physical properties – URBAN-AEROSOL Project. Indoor Air, 16, 282–295.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. H., & Jo, W. K. (2006). Characteristics of indoor and outdoor bioaerosols at Korean high-rise apartment buildings. Environmental Research, 101, 11–17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. C., Li, W. M., & Chan, L. Y. (2001). Indoor air quality at restaurants with different styles of cooking in metropolitan Hong Kong. Science of the Total Environment, 279, 181–193.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leutwyler, M., Siegmann, K., & Monn, C. (2002). Suspended particulate matter in railway coaches. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 1–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence A.J., Mask A. & Taneja A. (2005) Indoor/outdoor relationships of carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen in domestic homes with roadside, urban and rural locations in a central Indian region. Indoor Air, 15, 76–82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewne, M., Nise, G., Lind, M. L., & Gustavsson, P. (2006). Exposure to particles and nitrogen dioxide among taxi, bus and lorry drivers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 79, 220–226.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liao, C. M., Luo, W. C., Chen, S. C., Chen, J. W., & Liang, H. M. (2004). Temporal/seasonal variations of size-dependent airborne fungi indoor/outdoor relationships for a wind-induced naturally ventilated airspace. Atmospheric Environment, 38, 4415–4419.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, W. H., & Li, C. S. (1996). Size characteristics of fungus allergens in the subtropical climate. Aerosol Science and Technology, 25, 93–100.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Long, C. M., Suh, H. H., & Koutrakis, P. (2000). Characterization of indoor particle sources using continuous mass and size monitors. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 50, 1236–1250.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lung, S. C. C., & Hu, S. C. (2003). Generation rates and emission factors of particulate matter and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of incense sticks. Chemosphere, 50, 673–679.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makra, L., & Brimblecombe, P. (2004). Selections from the history of environmental pollution, with special attention to air pollution. Part 1. International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 22, 641–656.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McBride, S. J., Ferro, A. R., Ott, W. R., Switzer, P., & Hildemann, L. M. (1999). Investigations of the proximity effect for pollutants in the indoor environment. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 9, 602–621.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCracken, J. P., Smith, K. R., Diaz, A., Mittleman, M. A., & Schwartz, J. (2007). Chimney stove intervention to reduce long-term wood smoke exposure lowers blood pressure among Guatemalan women. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115, 996–1001.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNabola, A., Broderick, B. M., & Gill, L. W. (2008). Relative exposure to fine particulate matter and VOCs between transport microenvironments in Dublin: Personal exposure and uptake. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 6496–6512.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McNeill, J. R. (2001). Something new under the sun. An environmental history of the twentieth century world. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mestl, H. E. S., Aunan, K., Seip, H. M., Wang, S., Zhao, Y., & Zhang, D. (2007). Urban and rural exposure to indoor air pollution from domestic biomass and coal burning across China. Science of the Total Environment, 377, 12–26.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. (1992). Fungi as contaminants in indoor air. Atmospheric Environment, 26a, 2163–2172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, C. S., Zhang, J. F. J., Sigsgaard, T., Jantunen, M., Lioy, P. J., Samson, R., et al. (2007). Current state of the science: Health effects and indoor environmental quality. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115, 958–964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitra, A., Morawska, L., Sharma, C., & Zhang, J. (2002). Chapter two: Methodologies for characterisation of combustion sources and for quantification of their emissions. Chemosphere, 49, 903–922.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monkkonen, P., Pai, P., Maynard, A., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Hameri, K., Rechkemmer, P., et al. (2005). Fine particle number and mass concentration measurements in urban Indian households. Science of the Total Environment, 347, 131–147.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morawska, L. (2008). Identifying and managing indoor-air problems. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health, 4, 5–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morawska, L., He, C. R., Hitchins, J., Gilbert, D., & Parappukkaran, S. (2001). The relationship between indoor and outdoor airborne particles in the residential environment. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 3463–3473.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mudarri, D., & Fisk, W. J. (2007). Public health and economic impact of dampness and mold. Indoor Air, 17, 226–235.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mudway, I., Duggan, S., Venkataraman, C., Habib, G., Kelly, F., & Grigg, J. (2005). Combustion of dried animal dung as biofuel results in the generation of highly redox active fine particulates. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 2. DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-1182-1186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musk, A. W., Venables, K. M., Crook, B., Nunn, A. J., Hawkins, R., Crook, G. D. W., et al. (1989). Respiratory symptoms, lung-function, and sensitization to flour in a British bakery. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 46, 636–642.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naeher, L. P., Brauer, M., Lipsett, M., Zelikoff, J. T., Simpson, C. D., Koenig, J. Q., et al. (2007). Woodsmoke health effects: A review. Inhalation Toxicology, 19, 67–106.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narayan, M. C. J., Ravichandran, V., & Sullia, S. B. (1982). Aeromycology of the atmosphere of Malleeswaram market, Bangalore. Acta Botanica Indica, 10, 196–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nasir, Z. A., & Colbeck, I. (2009). Particulate air pollution in transport micro-environments. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 11. DOI: 10.1039/b821824b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ott W.R., Steinemann A.C. & Wallace L.A. (2003). Exposure Analysis. CRC Press, Boca Raton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oppliger, A., Rusca, S., Charriere, N., Duc, T. V., & Droz, P. O. (2005). Assessment of bioaerosols and inhalable dust exposure in Swiss sawmills. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 49, 385–391.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey, M. R., Neupane, R. P., Gautam, A., & Shrestha, I. B. (1990). The effectiveness of smokeless stoves in reducing indoor air pollution in a rural hill region of Nepal. Mountain Research and Development, 10, 313–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parat, S., Perdrix, A., FrickerHidalgo, H., Saude, I., Grillot, R., & Baconnier, P. (1997). Multivariate analysis comparing microbial air content of an air-conditioned building and a naturally ventilated building over one year. Atmospheric Environment, 31, 441–449.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parikh, J., Balakrishnan, K., Laxmi, V., & Biswas, H. (2001). Exposure from cooking with biofuels: Pollution monitoring and analysis for rural Tamil Nadu, India. Energy, 26, 949–962.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, D.-S., Cho, Y.-M., Kwon, S.-B., Park, E.-Y., & Kim, D.-S. (2008). Analysis of air quality and PM10 source in the railway vehicles. Paper presented at the Indoor Air 2008, Copenhagen, Denmark.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, E., & Lee, K. (2003). Particulate exposure and size distribution from wood burning stoves in Costa Rica. Indoor Air, 13, 253–259.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pasanen, A. L., Kasanen, J. P., Rautiala, S., Ikaheimo, M., Rantamaki, J., Kaariainen, H., et al. (2000). Fungal growth and survival in building materials under fluctuating moisture and temperature conditions. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 46, 117–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pasanen, A. L., Pasanen, P., Jantunen, M. J., & Kalliokoski, P. (1991). Significance of air humidity and air velocity for fungal spore release into the air. Atmospheric Environment Part a-General Topics, 25, 459–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pastuszka, J. S., Paw, U. K. T., Lis, D. O., Wlazlo, A., & Ulfig, K. (2000). Bacterial and fungal aerosol in indoor environment in Upper Silesia, Poland. Atmospheric Environment, 34, 3833–3842.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perera, F. P., Illman, S. M., Kinney, P. L., Whyatt, R. M., Kelvin, E. A., Shepard, P., et al. (2002). The challenge of preventing environmentally related disease in young children: Community-based research in New York city. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110, 197–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeifer, G. D., Harrison, R. M., & Lynam, D. R. (1999). Personal exposures to airborne metals in London taxi drivers and office workers in 1995 and 1996. Science of the Total Environment, 235, 253–260.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pluschke, P. (2004). Indoor air pollution (vol. 4.F). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Practical-Action. (2004). Smoke – The killer in the kitchen. London: ITDG Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Praml, G., & Schierl, R. (2000). Dust exposure in Munich public transportation: A comprehensive 4-year survey in buses and trams. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 73, 209–214.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raunemaa, T., Kulmala, M., Saari, H., Olin, M., & Kulmala, M. H. (1989). Indoor air aerosol model - transport indoors and deposition of fine and coarse particles. Aerosol Science and Technology, 11, 11–25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ren, P., Jankun, T. M., Belanger, K., Bracken, M. B., & Leaderer, B. P. (2001). The relation between fungal propagules in indoor air and home characteristics. Allergy, 56, 419–424.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ren, P., Jankun, T. M., & Leaderer, B. P. (1999). Comparisons of seasonal fungal prevalence in indoor and outdoor air and in house dusts of dwellings in one Northeast American county. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 9, 560–568.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reponen, T., Hyvarinen, A., Ruuskanen, J., Raunemaa, T., & Nevalainen, A. (1994). Comparison of concentrations and size distributions of fungal spores in buildings with and without mold problems. Journal of Aerosol Science, 25, 1595–1603.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reponen, T., Willeke, K., Ulevicius, V., Reponen, A., & Grinshpun, S. A. (1996). Effect of relative humidity on the aerodynamic diameter and respiratory deposition of fungal spores. Atmospheric Environment, 30, 3967–3974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riediker, M., Williams, R., Devlin, R., Griggs, T., & Bromberg, P. (2003). Exposure to particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, and other air pollutants inside patrol cars. Environmental Science & Technology, 37, 2084–2093.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ritschkoff, A. C., Viitanen, H., & Koskela, K. (2000). The response of building materials to the mould exposure at different humidity and temperature conditions. Paper presented at the Healthy Buildings, Espoo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodes C.E., Kamens R.M. & Wiener R.W. (1991). The significance and characteristics of the personal activity cloud on exposure assessment measurements for indoor contaminants.Indoor Air, 1, 123–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, A. L., Subramanian, R., Donahue, N. M., Bernardo-Bricker, A., & Rogge, W. F. (2006). Source apportionment of molecular markers and organic aerosol. 3. Food cooking emissions. Environmental Science & Technology, 40, 7820–7827.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rolka, H., Krajewska-Kulak, E., Lukaszuk, C., Oksiejczuk, E., Jakoniuk, P., Leszczynska, K., et al. (2005). Indoor air studies of fungi contamination of social welfare home in Czerewki in north-east part of Poland. Roczniki Akademii Medycznej w Bialymstoku, 50(Suppl 1), 26–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosas, I., Calderon, C., Salinas, E., Martınez, L., Alfaro-Moreno, E., Milton, D. K., et al. (2001). Animal and worker exposure to dust and biological particles in animal care houses. Aerobiologia, 17, 49–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumchev, K., Spickett, J. T., Brown, H. L., & Mkhweli, B. (2007). Indoor air pollution from biomass combustion and respiratory symptoms of women and children in a Zimbabwean village. Indoor Air, 17, 468–474.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saksena, S., Prasad, R., Pal, R. C., & Joshi, V. (1992). Patterns of daily exposure to Tsp and Co in the Garhwal Himalaya. Atmospheric Environment Part a-General Topics, 26, 2125–2134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saksena, S., Subida, R., Buttner, L., & Ahmed, L. (2007). Indoor air pollution in coastal houses of southern Philippines. Indoor and Built Environment, 16, 159–168.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salthammer, T. (2009). Organic indoor air pollutants: Occurrence, measurement, evaluation (2nd ed.). Weinheim: Wiley VCH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savino, E., & Caretta, G. (1992). Airborne fungi in an Italian rice mill. Aerobiologia, 8, 267–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seaton, A., Cherrie, J., Dennekamp, M., Donaldson, K., Hurley, J. F., & Tran, C. L. (2005). The London underground: Dust and hazards to health. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62, 355–362.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • See, S. W., & Balasubramanian, R. (2008). Chemical characteristics of fine particles emitted from different gas cooking methods. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 8852–8862.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shelton, B. G., Kirkland, K. H., Flanders, W. D., & Morris, G. K. (2002). Profiles of airborne fungi in buildings and outdoor environments in the United States. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68, 1743–1753.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegmann, K., & Sattler, K. (1996). Aerosol from hot cooking oil, a possible health hazard. Journal of Aerosol Science, 27, S493–S494.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, A., & Singh, A. B. (1994). Airborne fungi in a bakery and the prevalence of respiratory dysfunction among workers. Grana, 33, 349–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sjaastad, A. K., & Svendsen, K. (2008). Exposure to mutagenic aldehydes and particulate matter during panfrying of beefsteak with margarine, rapeseed oil, olive oil or soybean oil. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 52, 739–745.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, K. R. (1987). Biofuels, air pollution and health: A global review. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, K. R., Apte, M. G., Ma, Y. Q., Wongsekiarttirat, W., & Kulkarni, A. (1994). Air-pollution and the energy ladder in Asian cities. Energy, 19, 587–600.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, K. R., Uma, R., Kishore, V. V. N., Zhang, J., Joshi, V., & Khalil M. A. K. (2000). Greenhouse implications of household stoves: An analysis for India. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics, N. (2006). Transport Statistics Bulletin. National Travel Survey, 2005. London: Department for Transport.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundell, J. (2004). On the history of indoor air quality and health. Indoor Air, 14, 51–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, F. C., & Macher, J. M. (2005). Concentrations of airborne culturable bacteria in 100 large US office buildings from the BASE study. Indoor Air, 15, 71–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, F. C., Macher, J. M., & Hung, Y. Y. (2007). Biodiversity and concentrations of airborne fungi in large US office buildings from the BASE study. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 5181–5191.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viitanen, H., Hanhijärvi, A., Hukka, A., & Koskela, K. (2000). Modelling mould growth and decay damages. Paper presented at the Healthy Buildings, Espoo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, L. (2005). Ultrafine particles from a vented gas clothes dryer. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 5777–5786.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, L. A., Emmerich, S. J., & Howard-Reed, C. (2004). Source strengths of ultrafine and fine particles due to cooking with a gas stove. Environmental Science & Technology, 38, 2304–2311.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waring M.S., Siegel J.A. & Corsi R.L. (2008). Ultrafine particle removal and generation by portable air cleaners. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 5003–5014.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, L., Wang, F., Howard-Reed, C., & Persily, A. (2008). Contribution of gas and electric stoves to residential ultrafine particle concentrations between 2 and 64 nm: Size distributions and emission and coagulation rates. Environmental Science & Technology, 42, 8641–8647.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wasson, S. J., Guo, Z. S., McBrian, J. A., & Beach, L. O. (2002). Lead in candle emissions. Science of the Total Environment, 296, 159–174.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weschler C.J. & Shields H.C. (1999). Indoor ozone/terpene reactions as a source of indoor particles. Atmospheric Environment, 33, 2301–2312.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weschler, C. J. (2009). Changes in indoor pollutants since the 1950s. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 153–169.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2007). Indoor air pollution: national burden of disease estimates WHO, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (2006). Fuel for life: Household energy and health. Geneva: WHO.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (2008). Evaluating household energy and health interventions: A catalogue of methods. Geneva: WHO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wohrnschimmel, H., Zuk, M., Martinez-Villa, G., Ceron, J., Cardenas, B., Rojas-Bracho, L., et al. (2008). The impact of a bus rapid transit system on commuters’ exposure to benzene, CO, PM2.5 and PM10 in Mexico City. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 8194–8203.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, P. C., Su, H. J., & Lin, C. Y. (2000). Characteristics of indoor and outdoor airborne fungi at suburban and urban homes in two seasons. Science of the Total Environment, 253, 111–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, C. H., Morandi, M. T., & Weisel, C. P. (2008). Passive dosimeters for nitrogen dioxide in personal/indoor air sampling: A review. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 18, 441–451.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J. F., & Morawska, L. (2002). Combustion sources of particles: 2. Emission factors and measurement methods. Chemosphere, 49, 1059–1074.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zorman, T., & Jersek, B. (2008). Assessment of bioaerosol concentrations in different indoor environments. Indoor and Built Environment, 17, 155–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuk, M., Rojas, L., Blanco, S., Serrano, P., Cruz, J., Angeles, F., et al. (2007). The impact of improved wood-burning stoves on fine particulate matter concentrations in rural Mexican homes. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 17, 224–232.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuraimi, M. S., & Tham, K. W. (2008). Indoor air quality and its determinants in tropical child care centers. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 2225–2239.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Environment and Society, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK

    Ian Colbeck & Zaheer Ahmad Nasir

Authors
  1. Ian Colbeck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zaheer Ahmad Nasir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ian Colbeck .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Akrotiri, Chania, Crete, 731 00, Greece

    Mihalis Lazaridis

  2. Dept. Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom

    Ian Colbeck

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Colbeck, I., Nasir, Z.A. (2010). Indoor Air Pollution. In: Lazaridis, M., Colbeck, I. (eds) Human Exposure to Pollutants via Dermal Absorption and Inhalation. Environmental Pollution, vol 17. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8663-1_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation