Abstract
It is more and more frequent to read that higher education is being transformed into an industry (or should be turned into an industry, European Commission 2005) and that market forces are driving the development of higher education systems.
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Notes
- 1.
While equality and uniformity were the main characteristics of the French university systems, differentiation and diversity by contrast prevailed in the sector of the so-called Grandes Ecoles in France!
- 2.
The two processes aim at selecting top projects and universities which will receive funding, but the German process is more selective, is more research oriented and more money is at hand than in the French case.
- 3.
It is moreover relevant to speak of “price” as not only the salaries are negotiated between the candidate and the university but also the working conditions which will be at disposal (budget for books, number of research assistants, access to secretariat, etc.) and in some countries some personal benefices (preferential loans to buy a house, help in finding a job for the spouse, etc.)
- 4.
In France, for instance, such negotiations almost never occur in universities. The salary is set according to a national non-flexible scale.
- 5.
Even in France where all baccalauréat holders can attend a university, competition for students exists between the universities and the grandes écoles on the one hand and between the few selective and the many non-selective training programmes within universities.
- 6.
More recent, but also less extended, fieldwork in Germany will complete this previous study.
- 7.
Up to now, only a limited share of the professors is concerned as merit-salaries and the new salary scales are introduced only for those newly becoming professors and for the already professors moving from one institution to another.
- 8.
It is all the more so that in order to introduce more flexible wages, a range of min and max salary for a professor has been defined for each university, based on the income budget they had for their professors before the reform. This range of salary thus varies from one institution to another, from one Land to another, depending on the more or less wealthy situation of the institution before.
- 9.
Assistant professor is the first available positions “on tenure track”, i.e. on the career path leading to a tenured position.
- 10.
I will focus on negotiation for assistant professors because these are the more common negotiations occurring. It is rarer to recruit senior professors and for that reason the number of cases of senior recruitment I could work on is very limited and not reliable enough.
- 11.
How for instance compare the value of getting help for your spouse to find a job with an agreement to spend the first year away in order to reinforce your research capacity and start teaching only 1 year latter?
- 12.
This not to say that the quality of the candidate does not play at all. Candidates who are ranked first by two or more institutions can of course bargain more.
- 13.
For instance, about the limits of the state budget, about the unfair social redistribution provoked by the absence of fees, about the inefficiency of the no fees policy to fight against elite reproduction, etc.
- 14.
Expenses increase in all countries for different reasons. First, because of the massification of higher education (Frank and Meyer, 2006) training has to be provided to more and more students. In countries with a free public system, this mathematically increases the higher education budget. Furthermore, the training technologies are more and more expensive. Blackboard and chalks are for instance no more sufficient. All classrooms have to be equipped with video projectors, computers, Wi-Fi, etc.
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Musselin, C. (2010). Universities and Pricing on Higher Education Markets. In: Mattheou, D. (eds) Changing Educational Landscapes. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8534-4_5
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