Summary
The photosynthetic machinery of plants has two conflicting functions. It has to perform at maximum efficiency under light-limited conditions, but has to avoid photo-damage when the incoming light energy exceeds the capacity for utilization. To survive in the field and compete with other species, it is essential for plants to develop multiple strategies for responding to fluctuating light conditions. Thermal dissipation is triggered by acidification of the thylakoid lumen, which allows absorbed excessive light energy to be discarded as heat from photosystem II. The alternative electron transport pathways, photosystem I cyclic electron transport and the water-water cycle, are thought to regulate the induction of thermal dissipation. In higher plants, PSI cyclic electron transport consists of two partly redundant pathways: the PGR5- and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-dependent pathways. On the other hand, state transition regulates the balance of excitation between the two photosystems by monitoring the reduction level of the plastoquinone pool. Recent genetic investigations have contributed to identifying mutants specifically defective in each pathway, making it possible to evaluate their physiological significance. However, the actual regulatory system is likely to consist of complex interactions between each component, and unfortunately our knowledge is still limited to discussing this network rather than the molecular details.
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Abbreviations
- AOX:
-
alternative oxidase
- CCD:
-
charge-coupled device
- crr2 :
-
chlororespiratory reduction 2
- cyt :
-
cytochrome
- Fd:
-
ferredoxin
- FNR:
-
ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase
- LHCII:
-
light harvesting complex II
- hcf :
-
high chlorophyll fluorescence
- MDA:
-
monodehydroascorbate
- MDAR:
-
monodehydroascorbate reductase
- NDH:
-
NAD(P)H dehydrogenase
- NPQ:
-
non-photochemical quenching
- PAM:
-
pulse-amplitude modulation
- pgr5 :
-
proton gradient regulation 5
- pgrl1 :
-
proton gradient regulation 5-like 1
- PPR :
-
pentatricopeptide repeat
- PQ:
-
plastoquinone
- PSI and PSII:
-
photosystem I and II
- PTOX:
-
plastid terminal oxidase
- qE, qT, qI:
-
quenching depending on thylakoid energization, state transition and photoinhibition
- qP:
-
photochemical quenching
- ROS:
-
reactive oxygen species
- Rubisco:
-
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
- RuBP:
-
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
- SOD:
-
superoxide dismutase
- stt7:
-
state transition deficient mutant 7
- UV:
-
ultraviolet
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This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas (16085296) and for Creative Scientific Research (17GS0316) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan.
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Shikanai, T. (2010). Chapter 22 Regulation of Photosynthetic Electron Transport. In: Rebeiz, C.A., et al. The Chloroplast. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 31. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8531-3_22
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