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Chapter 15 The Chemistry and Biology of Light-Harvesting Complex II and Thylakoid Biogenesis: raison d’etre of Chlorophylls b and c

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Book cover The Chloroplast

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 31))

Summary

Accumulation of light-harvesting complexes (LHCs) in plants is minimal in mutant strains that lack chlorophyll (Chl) b. Experiments with the model chlorophyte alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and isolated chloroplasts demonstrated that LHC apoproteins (LHCPs) are not imported into the chloroplast at a significant rate unless Chl b is synthesized. Conversion of chlorophyllide (Chlide) a to Chlide b occurs by oxidation of the 7-methyl group to the 7-formyl group by Chlide a oxygenase, which is located on the chloroplast envelope inner membrane. These results led to the hypothesis that Chl b has properties that allow interactions with the apoproteins that are distinct from those with Chl a and that Chl b regulates retention of LHCPs in the plastid, with subsequent assembly of LHCs in the envelope inner membrane. A consequence of introduction of the electronegative formyl group is withdrawal of electron density toward the periphery of the tetrapyrrole macrocycle, along the X axis of the molecule, which reduces electron density around the central Mg atom and thus increases exposure of the positive charge of the Mg. The enhanced Lewis acid ‘hardness’ of the metal in Chl b promotes formation of coordination bonds with ‘hard’ Lewis bases such as peptide bond carbonyl groups in LHCPs, which are ligands that are relatively unfavorable for coordination with Chl a. This concept is supported by comparison with Chl c and Chl d. In Chl c, withdrawal of electron density on the X axis is achieved by extension of conjugation of the ring π system through the double-bond of the trans-acrylate side-chain on C17 to the unesterified, electro­negative carboxyl group and by introduction of electronegative groups on C7 and C8. The C3-vinyl group of Chl a is oxidized to the electronegative formyl group in Chl d, which withdrawals electron density along the Y axis of the molecule and extends the Qy transition dipole moment. Chl c serves the same role in chromophyte algae as Chl b does in plants, whereas Chl d substitutes for Chl a in the cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina.

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Abbreviations

Asn (N):

– asparagine

BChl:

– bacteriochlorophyll

CAO:

– chlorophyllide a oxygenase

Chl:

– chlorophyll

Chlide:

– chlorophyllide

D:

– Debye

EPR:

– electron paramagnetic resonance

Gln (Q):

– glutamine

Glu (E):

– glutamic acid

Gly (G):

– glycine

His (H):

– histidine

Ile (I):

– isoleucine

Leu (L):

– leucine

LHC:

– light-harvesting complex

LHCP:

– light-harvesting complex apoprotein

PChlide:

– protochlorophyllide

Phe (F):

– phenylalanine

Pro (P):

– proline

Ser (S):

– serine

Trp (W):

– tryptophan

Val (V):

– valine

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Acknowledgement

MC thanks the Australian Research Council (DP045233 and DP0665169) for financial support. We thank Zheng-Li Cai for computational calculations and molecular modeling.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Life Sciences and Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-4501, USA

    J. Kenneth Hoober & Laura L. Eggink

  2. School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia

    Min Chen & Anthony W. D. Larkum

Authors
  1. J. Kenneth Hoober
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  2. Laura L. Eggink
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  3. Min Chen
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  4. Anthony W. D. Larkum
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. Kenneth Hoober .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Rebeiz Foundation for Basic Research, Champaign, USA

    Constantin A. Rebeiz

  2. Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA

    Christoph Benning

  3. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA

    Hans J. Bohnert

  4. Central Florida University, Orlando, USA

    Henry Daniell

  5. Arizona State University, Tempe, USA

    J. Kenneth Hoober

  6. University of Karlsruhe, Germany

    Hartmut K. Lichtenthaler

  7. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA

    Archie R. Portis

  8. Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

    Baishnab C. Tripathy

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© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

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Hoober, J.K., Eggink, L.L., Chen, M., Larkum, A.W.D. (2010). Chapter 15 The Chemistry and Biology of Light-Harvesting Complex II and Thylakoid Biogenesis: raison d’etre of Chlorophylls b and c . In: Rebeiz, C.A., et al. The Chloroplast. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 31. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8531-3_15

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