Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XX pp 1–108Cite as

Local and urban scale modeling

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The MAHM equation is C=CMAQ_primary* (AERMOD_rec/AERMOD_gridavg) + CMAQ_ secondary where CMAQ_primary and CMAQ_secondary are the primary and secondary CMAQ emissions of a pollutant within the relevant CMAQ grid cell; AERMOD_rec is the concentration of a pollutant at an AERMOD receptor; and AERMOD_gridavg is the average concentration of a pollutant for all the AERMOD receptors located within the relevant CMAQ grid cell.

References

  • Friedl, M.A., D.K. McIver, X.Y. Zhang, J.C.F. Hodges, A. Schnieder, A. Bacinni, A.H. Strahler, A. Cooper, F. Gao, C. Schaaf, W. Liu, 2001: Global land cover classification results from MODIS. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS apos; 01. IEEE 2001 International 2, pp.733–735.

    Google Scholar 

  • Homer, C, Huang, C, Yang, L, Wylie, B. and Coan, M. 2004: Development of a 2001 National Land-cover Database for the United States. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 70:829–840.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pleim, J. E., Xiu, A., Finkelstein, P. L., Otte, T. L., 2001. A coupled land-surface and dry deposition model and comparison to field measurements of surface heat, moisture, and ozone fluxes. Water, Air, Soil Pollution: Focus 1, 243–252.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiu, A., and J.E. Pleim, 2001: Development of a Land Surface Model. Part I: Application in a Mesoscale Meteorological Model. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 192–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cotton, W.R., R.A. Pielke, Sr,, R. Walko, G.E. Liston, C.J. Tremback, H. Jiang, R.L. McAnelly, J.Y. Harrington, and M.E. Nicholls, 2003: RAMS 2001 – Current status and future directions. Meteor. Atmos. Phys, 82, 5–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reisin, T., Altaratz Stollar, O. and Trini Castelli, S., 2007: Numerical simulations of microscale urban flow using the RAMS model. Air Pollution Modeling and its Applications XVIII. Developments in Environmental Science, Borrego C. and Renner E. Eds, vol. 6, 32–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trini Castelli, S., Ferrero, E., Anfossi, D., 2001: Turbulence closures in neutral boundary layers over complex terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 100, 405–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trini Castelli, S. and Reisin, T.G., 2008. Application of a modified version of RAMS model to 100 simulate the flow and turbulence in presence of buildings: the MUST COST732 exercise. Int. J. of Env. and Poll., accepted in 2008, in press in 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yee, E., Biltoft, C.A., 2004: Concentration fluctuation measurements in a plume dispersing through a regular array of obstacles. Boundary Layer Meteorology 111, 363–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carissimo, B., Dupont, E., Musson-Genon, L., and Marchand, O., 1997. Note de Principe du Code MERCURE. Version 3.1, Electricité de France, EDF HE-33/97/001, EDF publications, France

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanna, S.R., Strimaitis, D.G., and Chang, J.C. (1991) Hazard response modeling uncertainty (a quantitative method). Vol. 2, Evaluation of commonly used hazardous gas dispersion models. Sigma Research Corporation for AFESC, Tyndall AFB, FL, and API, Report Nos. 4545, 4546, and 4547, 338 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanna, S.R., Chang, J.C., 2001. Use of the Kit Fox Field data to analyze dense gas dispersion modeling issues, Atmospheric Environment 35, 2231–2242

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanna, S.R., Olav, R. Hansen and Seshu Dharmavaram: 2004. FLACS CFD air quality model performance evaluation with Kit Fox, MUST, Prairie Grass, and EMU observations. Atmospheric Environment, 38, Pages 4675–4687

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moussafir, J., Oldrini, O., Tinarelli, G., Sontowski, J., and Dougherty, C., 2004. A new operational approach to deal with dispersion around obstacles: the MSS (Micro-Swift-Spray) software suite, 9th International Conference on Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes Garmisch 1–4 June 2004

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinarelli, G., Brusasca, G., Oldrini, O., Anfossi, D., Trini Castelli, S., Moussafir J., (2007) “Micro-Swift-Spray (MSS) a new modelling system for the simulation of dispersion at microscale. General description and validation”. Air Pollution Modelling and its Applications XVII, C. Borrego and A.N. Norman eds., Springer, 449–458

    Google Scholar 

  • Britter, R.E., Leung, J., Weil, J., Sykes, R.I., Hanna, S.R.: Toxic Industrial Chemical Source Emission Model Improvements; Task 4: Recommendations of Improved Source Emission Models, Draft Rep. No. P098-04 to DTRA, Ft. Belvoir, VA. 122 pp (Feb 2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • CCPS/AIChE: RELEASE: A Model with Data to Predict Aerosol Rainout in Accidental Releases, ISBN No: 0-8169-0745-5, 184 pp (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • DTRA: HPAC Version 5.0 SP1 (DVD Containing Model and Accompanying Data Files), DTRA, 8725 John J. Kingman Rd, Ft. Belvoir, VA 22060 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanna, S., Dharmavaram, S., Zhang, J., Sykes, R.I., Witlox, H., Khajehnajafi, S., Koslan, K.: Comparison of six widely-used dense gas dispersion models for three actual chlorine railcar accidents. Process Safety Progress 27, 248–259 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanna, S.R., Drivas, P.J., Chang, J.C.: Guidelines for Use of Vapor Cloud Dispersion Models (Second Edition). AIChE/CCPS, 345 East 47th St., New York, NY 10017, 285 pp + disk (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D.W., Woodward, J.L.: RELEASE: A Model with Data to Predict Aerosol Rainout in Accidental Releases, AIChE/CCPS, 345 East 47th St., New York, NY 10017, 184 pp (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Leung, J.C., Grolmes, M.A.: A generalized correlation for flashing choked flow of initially subcooled liquid. AIChE J. 34, 688–691 (1988)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, S.M., Saville, G., Fisher, S.A., Meredith, A.J., Dix, M.J.: Experimental determination of two-phase flow rates of hydrocarbons through restrictions, Process Safety Environ. Prot. 84, 40–53 (2006)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sykes, R.I., Parker, S.F., Henn, D.S., Chowdhury, B.: SCIPUFF 2.3 Technical Documentation, DRAFT Tech. Rep. for Co # DTRA01-03-D-0013, L-3 Titan Corp., Princeton, NJ, 336 pp (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • Witlox, H., Harper, M., Brown, P., Cleary, V.: Flashing liquid jets and two-phase droplet dispersion - II. Comparison and validation of drop size and rainout formulas. J. Haz. Mat. 142, 797–808 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baldauf, RW., Thoma, E., Hays, M., Shores, R., Kinsey, J., Gullett, B., Kimbrough, S., Isakov, V., Long, T., Snow, R., Khlystov, A., Weinstein, J., Chen, F., Seila, R., Olson, D., Gilmour, I., Cho, S., Watkins, N., Rowley, P., Bang, J., 2008a. Traffic and meteorological impacts on near-road air quality: summary of methods and trends from the Raleigh near road study. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 58, 865–878.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baldauf, R.W., Thoma, E., Khlystov, A., Isakov, V., Bowker, G., Long, T., Snow, R., 2008b. Impacts of noise barriers on near-road air quality. Atmospheric Environment 42, 7502–7507.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowker, G.E., Baldauf, R., Isakov, V., Khlystov, A., Petersen, A., 2007. The effects of roadside structures on the transport and dispersion of ultrafine particles from highways. Atmospheric Environment 41, 8128–8139.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nokes, W.A., Benson, P.E., 1984. Carbon monoxide concentrations adjacent to sound barriers. Office of Transportation Laboratory, California Department of Transportation, Report FHWA/ CA/TL-84/04.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrhard, J., Khatib, I.A., Winkler, C., Kunz, R., Moussiopoulos, N., Ernst, G.: The microscale model MIMO: Development and assessment. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 85, 163–176 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moussiopoulos, N., Flassak, Th., Berlowitz, D., Sahm, P.: Simulations of the wind field in Athens with the nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MEMO. Environ. Softw. 8, 29–42 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nabney, I.T.: Netlab: Algorithms for Pattern Recognition. Springer-Verlag, New York (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • Piñeros Garcet, J.D., Ordoñez, A., Roosen, J., Vanclooster, M.: Metamodelling: Theory, concepts and application to nitrate leaching modelling. Ecol. Model. 193, 629–644 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsegas, G., Barmpas, Ph., Douros, I., Moussiopoulos, N.: A metamodelling implementation of a two-way coupled mesoscale-microscale flow model for urban area simulations. In: Ðuričić, V. (ed.) Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes, Cavtat, Croatia, 6–9 October 2008, pp. 181–186, CD-ROM edition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allwine, K.J., Leach, M., Stockham, L., Shinn, J., Hosker, R., Bowers, J., Pace, J.: Overview of Joint Urban 2003 – An atmospheric dispersion study in Oklahoma City, Preprints, Symposium on Planning, Nowcasting and Forecasting in the Urban Zone, American Meteorological Society, January (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Clawson, K.L., Carter, R.G., Lacroix, D.J., Biltoft, C.J., Hukari, N.F., Johnson, R.C., Rich, J.D., Beard, S.A., Strong, T.:, Joint Urban 2003 (JU03) SF6 Atmospheric Tracer Field Tests, NOAA Tech Memo OAR ARL-254, Air Resources Lab., Silver Spring, MD (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gowardhan, A., Brown, M., Pardjyak, E.: Evaluation of a fast response pressure solver for flow around an isolated cube. Environ. Fluid Mech. DOI 10.1007/s10652-009-9152-5 (2009)

  • Kaplan, H., Dinar, N.: A Lagrangian dispersion model for calculating concentration distribution within a built-up domain., Atmos. Environ. 30, 4197–4207 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moussafir, J., Oldrini, O., Tinarelli, G., Sontowski, J., Dougherty, C.M.: A new operational approach to deal with dispersion around obstacles: the MSS (Micro SWIFT SPRAY) software suite, 9th International Conference on Harmonization within Atmospheric Dispersion for Regulatory Purposes, June 1–4, 2004, Garmisch, Germany (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Röckle, R.,: Bestimmung der stomungsverhaltnisse im Bereich Komplexer Bebauugsstruckturen, Ph.D. thesis, Vom Fachbereich Mechanik, der Technischen Hochschule Darmstadt, Germany (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, B., Hansen, B. Brown, M., Pardyjak, E.,: Evaluation of the QUIC-URB fast response urban wind model for a cubical building array and wide building street canyon, Env. Fluid Mech., v 8, pp 281–312 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., Williamson, C., Garvey, D., Chang, S., Cogan, J,: Application of a multigrid method to a mass-consistent diagnostic wind model, J. Appl. Meteorol. 44, 1078–1089 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, M., Brown, M., Singh, B., Boswell, D.: QUIC-PLUME Theory Guide, LA-UR-04-0561, 22 pp. (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bianco, L., J. M. Wilczak, and A. B. White, 2008, Convective Boundary Layer Depth estimation from wind profilers: Statistical comparison between an automated algorithm and expert estimations, J. Atmos. Occean. Tech., 25, 1397–1413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilliam, R.C. and J.E. Pleim, 2009: An evaluation of the Pleim-Xiu land surface model, surfacelayer and asymmetric convective model in version 3.0 of WRF ARW. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pleim, J.E., 2007a: A Combined Local and Nonlocal Closure Model for the Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Part I: Model Description and Testing. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 46, 1383–1395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pleim, J.E., 2007b: A Combined Local and Nonlocal Closure Model for the Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Part II: Application and Evaluation in a Mesoscale Meteorological Model. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 46, 1396–1409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bessagnet, B., Hodzic, A., Vautard, R., Beekman, M., Cheinet, S., Honeré, C., Liousse, C., Rouil, L., Aerosol modeling with CHIMERE – preliminary evaluation at the continental scale, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Meij, A., Krol, M., Dentener, F., Vignati, E., Cuvelier, C., and Thunis, P., The sensitivity of aerosol in Europe to two different emission inventories and temporal distribution of emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4287–4309, 2006.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haywood, J.M., Ramaswamy, V., Global sensitivity studies of the direct radiative forcing due to anthropogenic sulfate and black carbon aerosols. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 6043–6058, 1998.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, Y.J., Tanré, D., and Boucher, O., A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system, Nature, Vol. 419, 12 September 2002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menut L., I. Coll and S. Cautenet, Impact of meteorological data resolution on the forecasted ozone concentrations during the ESCOMPTE IOP 2a and 2b, Atmospheric Research - ESCOMPTE Special Issue, 74, 139–159, 2005.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moshammer, H., Neuberger, M., The active surface of suspended particles as a predictor of lung function and pulmonary symptoms in Austrian school children. Atmos. Environ., 37, 1737–1744, 2003.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stull, R., An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coppin, P., Raupach, M., Legg, B., 1986. Experiments on scalar dispersion within a plant canopy, part II: the turbulence structure. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 35, 167–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dosio, A., Vila`-Guerau de Arellano, J., April 2006. Statistics of absolute and relative dispersion in the atmospheric convective boundary layer: a large-eddy simulation study. J. Atmos. Sci. 63(4), 1253–1272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franzese, P., 2003. Lagrangian stochastic modeling of a fluctuating plume in the convective boundary layer. Atmos. Environ. 37, 1691–1701.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gailis, R.M., Hill, A., Yee, E., Hilderman, T., 2007. Extension of a fluctuating plume model of tracer dispersion to a sheared boundary layer and to a large array of obstacles. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 122, 577–607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gifford, F., 1959. Statistical properties of a fluctuating plume dispersion model. Adv. Geophys. 6, 117–137.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luhar, A., Hibberd, M., Borgas, M., 2000. A skewed meandering-plume model for concentration statistics in the convective boundary layer. Atmos. Environ. 34, 3599–3616.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mortarini, L., Franzese, P., Ferrero, E., 2009. A fluctuating plume model for concentration fluctuations in a plant canopy. Atmos. Environ. 43, 921–927.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson, D.J., 1987. Criteria for the selection of stochastic models of particle trajectories in turbulent flows. J. Fluid Mech. 180, 529–556.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yee, E., Chan, R., Kosteniuk, P.R., Chandler, G.M., Biltoft, C.A., Bowers, J.F., 1994. Incorporation of internal fluctuations in a meandering plume model of concentration fluctuations. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 67, 11–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yee, E., Wilson, D.J., 2000. A comparison of the detailed structure in dispersing tracer plumes measured in grid-generated turbulence with a meandering plume model incorporating internal fluctuations. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 94, 253–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, S. J., et al. 2004. Introduction to the DAPPLE Air Pollution Project. Science of The Total Environment. 2004, Vol. 332, pp. 139–153.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bentham, T. 2003. Microscale modelling of air flow and pollutant dispersion in the urban environment. Imperial College London Thesis. 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansoorzadeh, S., et al. 1998. Finite element simulations of incompressible flow past a heated/cooled sphere. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids. 1998, Vol. 28, pp. 903–915.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pain, C. C., et al. 2001. Tetrahedral mesh optimisation and adaptivity for steady-state for transient finite element calculations. Computer methods in applied mechanics and engineering. 2001, Vol. 190, pp. 3771–3796.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pavlidis, D., et al. 2009. Synthetic Eddy Method for Regional Atmospheric Flows. Boundary Layer Meteorology. 2009, Vol. In preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cho, S., Makar, P.A., Lee, W.S., Herage, T., Liggio, J., Li, S.-M., Wiens, B., Graham, L., Evaluation of A Unified Regional Air-quality Modeling System (AURAMS) using PrAIRie2005 field study data: the effects of emissions data accuracy on particle sulphate predictions Atmospheric Environment 43 (2009) 1864–1877.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Côté, J., S. Gravel, A. Méthot, A. Patoine, M. Roch, and A. Staniforth, The operational CMC-MRB Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model. Part 1: Design considerations and formulation. Monthly Weather Review, 126, 1373–1395 (1998).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gong, W., A.P. Dastoor, V.S. Bouchet, S.L. Gong, P.A. Makar, M.D. Moran, B. Pabla, S. Menard, L-P. Crevier, S. Cousineau and S. Venkatesh, Cloud processing of gases and aerosols in a regional air quality model (AURAMS), Atmospheric Research (82): 248–275, 2006.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminski, J.W., Neary, L., Struzewska, J., McConnell, J.C., Lupu, A., Jarosz, J., Toyota, K., Gong, S.L., Cote, J., Liu, X., Chance, K, Richter, A., GEM-AQ, an on-line global multiscale chemical weather modelling system: Model description and evaluation of gas phase chemistry processes. Atm. Chem. Phys., 8, 3255–3281, 2008.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alpert P, Osetinsky I, Ziv B, Shafir H, 2004. Semi-objective classification for daily synoptic systems: application to the eastern Mediterranean climate change. International Journal of Climatology, 24, 1001–1011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahrer Y., Weinroth E., 2007, Merging of Meteorological and Photochemical Models for the Asessment of Air Quality in Israel. 6th International Conf. on Urban Air Quality, Cyprus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osetinsky I, 2006, Climate Changes over the E. Mediterranean –A Synoptic Systems Classification Approach. PhD thesis Tel Aviv University, Israel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pielke R. A., Cotton W. R., Tremback C. J., Lyons W. A., Grasso L. D., Nicholls M. E., Moran M. D., Wesley D. A., Lee T. J. Copeland J. H. 1992. A comprehensive meteorological modeling system, Met. and Atm. Phys, Vol. 49, p. 69–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NCEP Reanalysis data was used for initiating RAMS. This data was provided by the NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, USA, from their Web site at: http://nomad3.ncep.noaa.gov/ncep_data/

  • Byun, D.W., Ching, J.K.S., 1999. Science Algorithms of the EPA Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System, EPA Report 600/R-99/030, Washington DC, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • ENVIRON. 2008. “User’s Guide – Comprehensive Air-quality Model with extensions, Version 4.5.” ENVIRON International Corporation, Novato, California. EPA, 2004. User’s Guide for the AMS/EPA Regulatory Model – AERMOD. EPA-454/B-03- 001. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • EPA, 2008. Technical Support Document for the Final Locomotive/Marine Rule: Air Quality Modeling Analyses, EPA-454/R-08-002, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tooly, R.L., Wesson, K.H., 2009. Importance of Local-Scale Emissions Inventories. 18th International Emission Inventory Conference. Baltimore, Maryland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, J.C., K. Chayantrakom, and S.R. Hanna, 2003: Evaluation of CALPUFF, HPAC, and VLSTRACK with Two Mesoscale Field Datasets. J. App. Meteor., 42, 453–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Draxler, R.R., and G.D. Hess, 1997: Description of the Hysplit_4 modeling system, Tech. Rep. NOAA Tech Memo ERL ARL-224, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Springs, MD, 24 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Draxler, R.R., J.L. Heffter, and G.D. Rolph, 2001: DATEM: Data Archive of Tracer Experiments and Meteorology, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Springs, MD, 27 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosca, S., G. Graziani, W. Klug, R. Ballasio, and R. Bianconi, 1998: A Statistical Methodology for the Evaluation of Long-Range Dispersion Models: An Application to the ETEX Exercise. Atmos. Environ., 32, 4307-4324.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scire, J.S., D.G. Strimaitis, and R.J. Yamartino, 2000: A User’s Guide for the CALPUFF Dispersion Model (Version 5), Tech. Rep., Earth Tech, Inc., Concord, MA, 521 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stohl, A., C. Forster, A. Frank, P. Seibert, and G. Wotawa, 2005: Technical Note: The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART version 6.2. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5, 2461–2474.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sykes, R.I., S.F. Parker, D.S. Henn, C.P. Cerasoli, and L.P. Santos, 1998: PC-SCIPUFF Version 1.2PD, Technical Documentation. ARAP Report 718, Titan Research and Technology Division, Titan Corp., Princeton, NJ, 172 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • USEPA, 1998: Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling (IWAQM) Phase 2 Summary Report and Recommendations for Modeling Long Range Transport Impacts. Tech Rep., EPA-454/R-98-009, Research Triangle Park, NC, 160 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, R., V. Isakov, J. Touma, W. Benjey, J. Thurman, E. Kinnee, D. Ensley, 2008: Resolving local- scale emissions for modeling air quality near roadways. J. Air and Waste Manage. Assoc., 58, 451–461.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cimorelli, A., S. Perry, A. Venkatram, J. Weil, R. Paine, R. Wilson, R. Lee, W. Peters, R. Brode, 2005: AERMOD: A dispersion model for industrial source applications Part I: General model formulation and boundary layer characterization. J.Appl.Meteor., 44, 682–693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heist, D., S. Perry, L. Brixey, 2009: The effect of roadway configurations on the dispersion of traffic-related pollution: a wind-tunnel study. Submitted to Atmospheric Environment.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isakov, V., J. Touma, A. Khlystov, 2007: A method of assessing air toxics concentrations in urban areas using mobile platform measurements. J. Air and Waste Manage. Assoc., 57, 12861295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, S., A. Cimorelli, J. Weil, A. Venkatram, R. Paine, R. Wilson, R. Lee, W. Peters, 2005:, AERMOD: A dispersion model for industrial source applications II: Model performance against seventeen field-study databases. J.Appl.Meteor., 44, 694–708.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, T, V. Isakov, B. Haneke, J. Paumier, 2008: Emission and Air Quality Modeling Tools for Near-Roadway Application, EPA/600/R-09/001, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 40 pp., Available at http://www.epa.gov/amad/pdf/Pierceetal_EPA2008.pdf.

  • Venkatram, A., V. Isakov, E. Thoma, R. Baldauf, 2007: Analysis of air quality data near roadways using a dispersion model. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 9481–9497.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Venkatram, A., V. Isakov, R. Seila, R. Baldauf, 2009: Modeling the impacts of traffic emissions to air toxics concentration near roadways. Atmospheric Environment (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Batchvarova E. and S.-E Gryning, 2010. The ability of mesoscale models to predict vertical profiles, D.G. Steyn and S.T. Rao (eds.), Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XX, 103 DOI 8.3, 375–379.

  • Batchvarova E., X. Cai, S.-E. Gryning and D. Steyn, 1999: Modelling internal boundary layer development in a region with complex coastline. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 90, 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Batchvarova, E.; Gryning, S.-E.; Rotach, M.W.; Christen, A., Modelled aggregated turbulent fluxes compared to urban turbulence measurements at different heights. In: Proceedings. 9th International conference on harmonisation within atmospheric dispersion modelling for regulatory purposes, Garmisch-Partenkirchen (DE), 1–4 June 2004. Suppan, P. (ed.), (Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Karlsruhe, 2004), Vol. 2, 7–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batchvarova, E, Gryning, S.-E., Rotach, M.W and Christen, A., 2007: Comparison of aggregated and measured turbulent fluxes in an urban area, In: Air pollution modeling and its application XVII. 27th. NATO/CCMS international technical meeting, 25–29 October 2004, Banff, Canada, Borrego, C. and Norman, A.-L. (eds), Springer, 363–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grell, G. A., Dudhia, J. and Stauffer, D. R., 1995. A description of the fifth generation Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model (MM5). Technical report, National Centre for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA. NCAR/TN-398+STR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grell G. A., Steven E. Peckham, R. Schmitz, S. A. McKeen, G. Frost, W. C. Skamarock and B. Eder, 2005. Fully coupled “online” chemistry within the WRF model. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 6957–6975.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gryning, S.-E.; Batchvarova, E., Turbulence, atmospheric dispersion and mixing height in the urban area, recent experimental findings. In: Air Pollution modeling and its application 18. 28. NATO/CCMS international technical meeting, Leipzig (DE), 15–19 May 2006. Borrego, C.; Renner, E. (eds.), (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2007) (Developments in Environmental Science, 6) p. 12–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pielke, R.A., W.R. Cotton, R.L. Walko, C.J. Tremback, W.A. Lyons, L.D. Grasso, M.E. Nicholls, M.D. Moran, D.A. Wesley, T.J. Lee, and J.H. Copeland, 1992: A comprehensive meteorological modeling system – RAMS. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 49, 69–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sreenivasan K.R., Chambers A.J. and R.A. Antonia, 1978: Accuracy of moments of velocity and scalar fluctuations in the atmospheric surface layer, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 14, 341–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Air4EU (2005) Air Quality Assessment for Europe: from local to continental scale. Report on workshop 29th June 2005, Athens.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cimorelli A. J., S. G. Perry A. Venkatram J. C. Weil R. J. Paine R. B. Wilson R. F. Lee W. D. Peters and R. W. Brode (2005) AERMOD: A dispersion model for industrial source applications Part I: General model formulation and boundary layer characterization. J Appl Meteor, 44: 682–693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golder D. (1972) Relations among stability parameters in the surface layer. Boundary Layer Meteor., 3: 47–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myrup, L.O., Ranzieri, A.J. (1976) A consistent scheme for estimating diffusivities to be used in air quality models. Caltrans, FHWA-CA-TL-7169-76-32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stull, R.B. (1997) An introduction to boundary layer meteorology. Kluwer, 670.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environment Agency Kings Meadow House, Kings Meadow Road, Reading, United Kingdom, RG1 8DQ

    B. Fisher (Chairpersons)

  2. CNR-ISAC, Corso Fiume 4, Torino, Italy, 10133

    D. Anfossi (Chairpersons)

  3. The Cyprus Institute, Athalassa Campus Guy Ourisson Building, Nicosia, Cyprus, 1645

    M. Astitha (Rapporteurs)

  4. Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique Ecole Polytechnique, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France

    M. Valari (Rapporteurs)

Authors
  1. B. Fisher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. Anfossi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. Astitha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. M. Valari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to B. Fisher or D. Anfossi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Earth & Ocean Sciences, Athmospheric Science Program, University of British Columbia, Stores Road 6339, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada

    Douw G. Steyn

  2. National Exposure Research Laboratory, Atmospheric Modeling Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, T.W. Alexander Drive 109, Research Triangle Park, 27711, USA

    S. T. Rao

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this paper

Cite this paper

Fisher, B., Anfossi, D., Astitha, M., Valari, M. (2010). Local and urban scale modeling. In: Steyn, D., Rao, S. (eds) Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XX. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3812-8_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation