Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Porphyra: Complex Life Histories in a Harsh Environment: P. umbilicalis, an Intertidal Red Alga for Genomic Analysis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Red Algae in the Genomic Age

Part of the book series: Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology ((COLE,volume 13))

Abstract

Porphyra encompasses a large group of multicellular red algae that have a prominent gametophytic phase. The complex, heteromorphic life history of species in this genus, their remarkable resilience to high light and desiccation, ancient fossil records, and value as human food (e.g., laver, nori), make Porphyra a compelling model for genome sequencing. Sequencing of the nuclear genome of Porphyra umbilicalis from the northwestern Atlantic is currently in process. The ∼270 Mb genome of this alga is much larger than that of the unicellular acidophilic Cyanidioschyzon merolae (16.5 Mb), the only rhodophyte for which there is a fully sequenced genome, and is approximately twice as large as the Arabidopsis genome. Future analyses of the P. umbilicalis genome should provide opportunities for researchers to (1) develop an increased understanding of the ways in which these algae have adapted to severe physiological stresses, (2) elucidate the molecular features of development through the complex life history, and (3) define key components required for the transition of growth from a single cell to a multicellular organism.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ackland, J.C., West, J.A. and Pickett-Heaps, J. (2007) Actin and myosin regulate pseudopodia of Porphyra pulchella (Rhodophyta) archeospores. J. Phycol. 43: 129–138.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Algarra, P., Thomas, J.-C. and Mousseau, A. (1990) Phycobilisome heterogeneity in the red alga Porphyra umbilicalis. Plant Physiol. 92: 670–576.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asamizu, E., Nakajima, M., Kitade, Y., Saga, N., Nakamura, Y. and Tabata, S. (2003) Comparison of RNA expression profiles between the two generations of Porphyra yezoensis (Rhodophyta), based on expressed sequence tag frequency analysis. J. Phycol. 39: 923–930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldauf, S.L. (2008) An overview of the phylogeny and diversity of eukaryotes. J. Syst. Evol. 46: 263–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbier, G., Oesterhelt, C., Larson, M.D., Halgren, R.G., Wilkerson, C., Garavito, R.M., Benning, C. and Weber, A.P.M. (2005) Comparative genomics of two closely related unicellular thermo-acidophilic red algae, Galdieria sulphuraria and Cyanidioschyzon merolae, reveals the molecular basis of the metabolic flexibility of Galdieria sulphuraria and significant differences in carbohydrate metabolism of both algae. Plant Physiol. 137: 460–474.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya, D., Cannone, J.J. and Gutell, R.R. (2001) Group I intron lateral transfer between red and brown algal ribosomal RNA. Curr. Genet. 40: 82–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blouin, N., Fei, X.G., Peng, J., Yarish, C. and Brawley, S.H. (2007) Seeding nets with neutral spores of the red alga Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kützing for use in integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA). Aquaculture. 270: 77–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boucher, Y., Douady, C.J., Papke, R.T., Walsh, D.A., Boudreau, M.E.R., Nesbø, C.L., Case, R.J. and Doolittle, W.F. (2003) Lateral gene transfer and the origins of prokaryotic groups. Annu. Rev. Genet. 37: 283–328.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourne, V.L., Conway, E. and Cole, K. (1970) On the ultrastructure of pit connections in the Conchocelis phase of the red alga Porphyra perforata. Phycologia 9: 79–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brodie, J. and Zuccarello, G.C. (2007) Systematics of the species-rich algae: red algal classification, phylogeny and speciation, In: R.T. Hodkinson, J. Parnell and S. Waldren (eds.) The Taxonomy and Systematics of Large and Species-Rich Taxa: Building and Using the Tree of Life. Systematics Association Series. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 317–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodie, J. and Irvine, L.M. (2003) Seaweeds of the British Isles. Vol. 1 Part 3B. Bangiophycidae. Intercept, Hampshire.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodie, J., Irvine, L., Neefus, C.D. and Russell, S. (2008) Ulva umbilicalis L. and Porphyra umbilicalis Kütz. (Rhodophyta, Bangiaceae): a molecular and morphological redescription of the species, with a typification updata. Taxon 57: 1328–1331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butterfield, N.J. (2000) Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity and the Mesoproterozoic–Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes. Paleobiology 26: 386–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carmona, R., Kraemer, G.P. and Yarish, C. (2006) Exploring Northeast American and Asian species of Porphyra for use in an integrated finfish-algal aquaculture system. Aquaculture 252: 54–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, K.M., Park, C.M., Reid, P.E. and Sheath, R.G. (1985). Comparative-studies on the cell-walls of sexual and asexual Bangia atropurpurea (Rhodophyta). 1. Histochemistry of polysaccharides. J. Phycol. 21: 585–592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, K.M. (1990) Chromosomes, In: K.M. Cole and R.G. Sheath (eds.) Biology of the Red Algae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 73–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collén, J., Del Río, M.J., García-Reina, G. and Pedersén, M. (1995) Photosynthetic H2O2 production by Ulva rigida. Planta 196: 225–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Croft, M.T., Lawrence, A.D., Raux, E., Warren, M.J. and Smith, A.G. (2005) Algae acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria. Nature 438: 90–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, F.X. Jr., Lee, H. and Gantt, E. (2006) Carotenoid biosynthesis in the primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. Eukaryot. Cell. 6: 533–545.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dolganov, N.A., Bhaya, D. and Grossman A.R. (1995) Cyanobacterial protein with homology to the chlorophyll a/b binding proteins in higher plants: evolution and regulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 636–640.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drew, K.M. (1949) Conchocelis-phase in the life history of Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kütz. Nature 164: 748–749.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Droop, M.R. (2007) Vitamins, phytoplankton and bacteria: symbiosis or scavenging? J. Plankton Res. 29: 107–113.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fan, X., Fang, Y., Hu, S. and Wang, G. (2007) Generation and analysis of 5318 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the filamentous sporophyte of Porphyra haitanensis Ueda (Rhodophyta). J. Phycol. 43: 1287–1294.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda, S., Mikami, K., Uji, T., Park, E.-J., Ohba, T., Asada, K., Kitade, Y., Endo, H., Kato, I. and Saga, N. (2008) Factors influencing efficiency of transient gene expression in the red macrophyte Porphyra yezoensis. Plant Sci. 174: 329–339.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gantt, E., Grabowski, B. and Cunningham, F.X. (2003) Antenna systems of red algae: phycobilisomes with photosystem II and chlorophyll complexes with photosystem I, In: B.R. Green and W.W. Parson (eds.) Light-Harvesting Antennas in Photosynthesis. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 307–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gretz, M.R., Aronson, J.M. and Sommerfeld, M.R. (1986) Cell-wall composition of the conchocelis phases of Bangia atropurpurea and Porphyra leucosticta (Rhodophyta). Botanica Marina. 29: 91–96.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, J., Meurer, J. and Bhattacharya, D. (2008) Evidence of a chimeric genome in the cyanobacterial ancestor of plastids. BMC Evol. Biol. 8: 117–129.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell, B. and Gutteridge, J.M.C. (1999) Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, 3rd edition. Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kafuku, T. and Ikenoue, H. (1983) Modern Methods of Aquaculture in Japan. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalanon, M. and McFadden, G.I. (2008) The chloroplast protein translocation complexes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: a bioinformatic comparison of Toc and Tic components in plants, green algae and red algae. Genetics 179: 95–112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kazazian, H.H. (2004) Mobile elements: drivers of genome evolution. Science 303: 1626–1632.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keeling, P.J. and Palmer, J.D. (2008) Horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotic evolution. Nat. Rev. Genet. 9: 605–618.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kidwell, M.G. (2002) Transposable elements and the evolution of genome size in eukaryotes. Genetica 115: 49–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J.K., Kraemer, G.P., Neefus, C.D., Chung, I.K. and Yarish, C. (2007) The effects of temperature and ammonium on growth, pigment production and nitrogen uptake in four species of Porphyra native to the coast of New England. J. Appl. Phycol. 19: 431–440.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitade, Y., Asamizu, E., Fukuda, S., Nakajima, M., Ootsuka, S., Endo, H., Tabata, S. and Saga, N. (2008) Identification of genes preferentially expressed during asexual sporulation in Porphyra yezoensis gametophytes (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). J. Phycol. 44: 113–123.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knight, G.A. and Nelson, W.A. (1999) An evaluation of characters obtained from life history studies for distinguishing New Zealand Porphyra species. J. Appl. Phycol. 11: 411–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kraemer, G.P., Carmona, R., Chopin, T., Neefus, C., Tang, X.R. and Yarish, C. (2004) Evaluation of the bioremediatory potential of several species of the red alga Porphyra using short-term measurements of nitrogen uptake as a rapid bioassay. J. Appl. Phycol. 16: 489–497.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, E., Seo, S.B., Kim, T.H., Sung, S.K., An, G., Lee, C.H. and Kim, Y.J. (2000) Analysis of expressed sequence tags of Porphyra yezoensis. Mol. Cells 10: 338–342.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, R.E. and Fultz, S.A. (1970) Ultrastructure of the conchocelis stage of the marine red alga Porphyra leucosticta. J. Phycol. 6: 22–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Gall, Y., Brown, S., Marie, D., Mejjad, M. and Kloareg, B. (1993) Quantification of nuclear DNA and G-C content in marine macroalgae by flow cytometry of isolated nuclei. Protoplasma 173: 123–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lüning, K., Titlyanov, E.A. and Titlyanova, T.V. (1997) Diurnal and circadian periodicity of mitosis and growth in marine macroalgae. III. The red alga Porphyra umbilicalis. Eur. J. Phycol. 32: 167–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lüning, K. (2001) Circadian growth in Porphyra umbilicalis (Rhodophyta): spectral sensitivity of the circadian system. J. Phycol. 37: 52–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacArtain, P., Gill, C.I.R., Brooks, M., Campbell, R. and Rowland, I.R. (2007) Nutritional value of edible seaweeds. Nutr. Rev. 65: 535–543.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marquardt, J. and Hanelt, D. (2004) Carotenoid composition of Delesseria lancifolia and other marine red algae from polar and temperate habitats. Eur. J. Phycol. 39: 285–292.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masuda, T. (2008) Recent overview of the Mg branch of the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis leading to chlorophylls. Photosynth. Res. 96: 121–143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuzaki, M., Misumi, O., Shin-I, T., Maruyama, S., Takahara, M., Miyagishima, S.Y., Mori, T., Nishida, K., Yagisawa, F., Nishida, K., Yoshida, Y., Nishimura, Y., Nakao, S., Kobayashi, T., Momoyama, Y., Higashiyama, T., Minoda, A., Sano, M., Nomoto, H., Oishi, K., Hayashi, H., Ohta, F., Nishizaka, S., Haga, S., Miura, S., Morishita, T., Kabeya, Y., Terasawa, K., Suzuki, Y., Ishii, Y., Asakawa, S., Takano, H., Ohta, N., Kuroiwa, H., Tanaka, K., Shimizu, N., Sugano, S., Sato, N., Nozaki, H., Ogasawara, N., Kohara, Y. and Kuroiwa, T. (2004) Genome sequence of the ultrasmall unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae 10D. Nature 428: 653–657.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merchant, S.S., Prochnik, S.E., Vallon, O., Harris, E.H., Karpowicz, S.J., Witman, G.B., Terry, A., Salamov, A., Fritz-Laylin, L.K., Maréchal-Drouard, L., Marshall, W.F., Qu, L.H., Nelson, D.R., Sanderfoot, A.A., Spalding, M.H., Kapitonov, V.V., Ren, Q., Ferris, P., Lindquist, E., Shapiro, H., Lucas, S.M., Grimwood, J., Schmutz, J., Cardol, P., Cerutti, H., Chanfreau, G., Chen, C.L., Cognat, V., Croft, M.T., Dent, R., Dutcher, S., Fernández, E., Fukuzawa, H., González-Ballester, D., González-Halphen, D., Hallmann, A., Hanikenne, M., Hippler, M., Inwood, W., Jabbari, K., Kalanon, M., Kuras, R., Lefebvre, P.A., Lemaire, S.D., Lobanov, A.V., Lohr, M., Manuell, A., Meier, I., Mets, L., Mittag, M., Mittelmeier, T., Moroney, J.V., Moseley, J., Napoli, C., Nedelcu, A.M., Niyogi, K., Novoselov, S.V., Paulsen, I.T., Pazour, G., Purton, S., Ral, J.P., Riaño-Pachón, D.M., Riekhof, W., Rymarquis, L., Schroda, M., Stern, D., Umen, J., Willows, R., Wilson, N., Zimmer, S.L., Allmer, J., Balk, J., Bisova, K., Chen, C.J., Elias, M., Gendler, K., Hauser, C., Lamb, M.R., Ledford, H., Long, J.C., Minagawa, J., Page, M.D., Pan, J., Pootakham, W., Roje, S., Rose, A., Stahlberg, E., Terauchi, A.M., Yang, P., Ball, S., Bowler, C., Dieckmann, C.L., Gladyshev, V.N., Green, P., Jorgensen, R., Mayfield, S., Mueller-Roeber, B., Rajamani, S,, Sayre, R.T., Brokstein, P., Dubchak, I., Goodstein, D., Hornick, L., Huang, Y.W., Jhaveri, J., Luo, Y., Martínez, D., Ngau, W.C., Otillar, B., Poliakov, A., Porter, A., Szajkowski, L., Werner, G., Zhou, K., Grigoriev, I.V., Rokhsar, D.S. and Grossman, A.R. (2007) The Chlamydomonas genome reveals the evolution of key animal and plant functions. Science 318: 245–251.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minocha, S.C., Hunt, M. and Mathews, D.E. (2008) Molecular and biochemical characterization of four genes involved in sulfur metabolism in Porphyra purpurea. J. Appl. Phycol. 333–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitman, G. and van der Merr, J.P. (1994) Meiosis, blade development, and sex determination in Porphyra purpurea (Rhodophyta). J. Phycol. 30: 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miura, A. (1990) Present trends and perspective in Porphyra (nori) breeding. Genetics of pigmentation mutants in Porphyra yezoensis: developmental origin of variegated gametophytic thalli. Suisan Ikushu 15: 19–30 (in Japanese, a review).

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, K.M., Ellenor, D.W., Sherwood, A.R., Sheath, R.G., Cannone, J.J. and Gutell, R.R. (2005) Evidence for lateral transfer of an IE intron between fungal and red algal small subunit rRNA genes. J. Phycol. 41: 380–390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mukai, L.S., Craigie, J.S. and Brown, R.G. (1981) Chemical-composition and structure of the cell-walls of the conchocelis and thallus phases of Porphyra tenera (Rhodophyceae). J. Phycol. 17: 192–198.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, W.A., Brodie, J. and Guiry, M.D. (1999) Terminology used to describe reproduction and life history stages in the genus Porphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). J. Appl. Phycol. 11: 407–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, W.A., Farr, T.J. and Broom, J.E.S. (2006) Phylogenetic relationships and generic concepts in the red order Bangiales: challenges ahead. Phycologia 45: 249–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nikaido, I., Asamizu, E., Nakajima, M., Nakamura, Y., Saga, N. and Tabata, S. (2000) Generation of 10,154 expressed sequence tags from a leafy gametophyte of a marine red alga, Porphyra yezoensis. DNA Res. 7: 223–227.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niwa, K., Miura, A., Shin, J.-A. and Aruga, Y. (1993) Characterization and genetic analysis of the violet type pigmentation mutant of Porphyra yezoensis Ueda (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). Kor. J. Phycol. 8: 217–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noda, H. (1993) Health benefits and nutritional properties of nori. J. Appl. Phycol. 5: 255–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nozaki, H., Takano, H., Misumi, O., Terasawa, K., Matsuzaki, M., Maruyama, S., Nishida, K., Yagisawa, F., Yoshida, Y., Fujiwara, T., Takio, S., Tamura, K., Chung, S.J., Nakamura, S., Kuroiwa, H., Tanaka, K., Sato, N. and Kuroiwa, T. (2007) A 100%-complete sequence reveals unusually simple genomic features in the hot-spring red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. BMC Biol. 5: 28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohta, N., Matsuzaki, M., Misumi, O., Miyagsishima, S.-A., Nozaki, H., Tanaka, K., Shin-I, T., Kohara, Y. and Kuroiwa, T. (2003) Complete sequence and analysis of the plastid genome of the unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. DNA Res. 10: 67–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira, M.C., Kurniawan, J., Bird, C.L., Rice, E.L., Murphy, C.A., Singh, R.K., Gutell, R.R. and Ragan, M.A. (1995) A preliminary investigation of the order Bangiales (Bangiophycidae, Rhodophyta) based on sequences of nuclear small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes. Phycol. Res. 43: 71–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, G., Serrão, E.A. and Cancela, M.L. (2001) Suppression subtractive hybridization for studying gene expression during aerial exposure and desiccation in fucoid algae. Eur. J. Phycol. 36: 359–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pickett-Heaps, J., West, J.A., Wilson, S.M. and McBride, D. (2001) Time-lapse videomicroscopy of cell (spore) movement in red algae. Eur. J. Phycol. 36: 9–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pueschel, C.M. (1994) Systematic significance of the absence of pit-plug cap membranes in the Batrachospermales (Rhodophyta). J. Phycol. 30: 310–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reith, M. and Munholland, J. (1995) Complete nucleotide sequence of the Porphyra purpurea chloroplast genome. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 13: 33–335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reyes-Prieto, A. and Bhattacharya, D. (2007) Phylogeny of Calvin cycle enzymes supports Plantae monophyly. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 45: 384–391.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reyes-Prieto, A., Weber, A.P.N. and Bhattacharya, D. (2007) The origin and establishment of the plastid in algae and plants. Annu. Rev. Genet. 41: 147–168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sampath-Wiley, P., Neefus, C.D. and Jahnke, L.S. (2008) Seasonal effects of sun exposure and emersion on intertidal seaweed physiology: fluctuations in antioxidant contents, photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic efficiency in the red alga Porphyra umbilicalis Kützing (Rhodophyta, Bangiales). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 361: 83–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shick, J.M. and Dunlap, W.C. (2002) Mycosporine-like amino acids and related gadusols: biosynthesis, accumulation, and UV-protective functions in aquatic organisms. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 64: 223–262.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, N., Garcia-Mendoza, E. and Pacheco-Ruiz, I. (2006) Carotenoid composition of marine red algae. J. Phycol. 42: 1208–1216.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimma, Y. and Taguchi, H. (1966) Studies on lipids of “nori”, dry seaweed – III. Carotenoid components. Nippon Suisan Gakkai. 32: 1031–1036.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, R.P., Singh, S.P. and Häder, D.P. (2007) Database on mycosporines and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in fungi, cyanobacteria, macroalgae, phytoplankton and animals. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol. 80: 29–35.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takano, S., Nakanishi, A., Uernura, D. and Hirata, Y. (1979) Isolation and structure of a 334 nm UV-absorbing substance, porphyra-334 from the red alga Porphyra tenera Kjellman. Chem. Lett. 26: 419–420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takeda, A., Iwasaki, S., Watanabe, T., Utsumi, M. and Watanabe, Y. (2008) The mechanism selecting the guide strand from small RNA duplexes is different among argonaute proteins. Plant Cell Physiol. 49: 493–500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takenaka, S., Takubo, K., Watanabe, F., Tanno, T., Tsuyama, S., Nanano, Y. and Tamura, Y. (2003) Occurrence of coenzyme forms of Vitamin B12 in a cultured purple laver (Porphyra yezoensis). Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 67: 2480–2482.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tseng, C.K. (1981) Commercial Cultivation, In: C.S. Lobban and M.J. Wynne (eds.) The Biology of Seaweeds. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 680–725.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ueki, C., Nagasato C., Motomura, T. and Saga, N. (2008) Reexamination of the pit plugs and the characteristic membranous structures in Porphyra yezoensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). Phycologia 47: 5–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uppalapati, S.R. and Fujita, Y. (2000) Carbohydrate regulation of attachment, encystment, and appressorium formation by Pythium porphyrae (Oomycota) zoospores on Porphyra yezoensis (Rhodophyta). J Phycol. 36: 359–366.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vazquez, F. (2006) Arabidopsis endogenous small RNAs: highways and byways. Trends Plant Sci. 11: 460–468.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viola, R., Nyvall, P. and Pedersen, M. (2001) The unique features of starch metabolism in red algae. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Biol. Sci. 268: 1417–1422.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkes, R.J., Yarish, C. and Mitman, G.G. (1999) Observations on the chromosome numbers of Porphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) populations from Long Island Sound to the Canadian Maritimes. Algae 14: 219–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, G.R., Cunningham, F.X., Durnford, D., Green, B.R. and Gantt, E. (1994) Evidence for a common origin of chloroplasts with light-harvesting complexes of different pigmentation. Nature 367: 566–568.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, L. and Belasco, J.G. (2008) Let me count the ways: mechanisms of gene regulation by miRNAs and siRNAs. Mol. Cell. 29: 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yarish, C. and Pereira, R. (2008) Mass production of marine macroalgae, In S.E. Jørgensen and B.D. Fath (eds.) Ecological Engineering. Vol. 3. Encyclopedia of Ecology. Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 2236–2247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoon, H.S., Müller, K.M., Sheath, R.G., Ott, F.D. and Bhattacharya, D. (2006) Defining the major lineages of red algae (Rhodophyta). J. Phycol. 42: 482–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X.-C., Qin, S., Ma, J.-H. and Xu, P. (2005) The Genetics of Marine Algae. Chinese Agricultural Press, Beijing (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Special thanks to James Craigie (Halifax) for discussions on cell walls, and to all members of the Research Collaboration Network on Porphyra Algal Genomics for discussion, including Pam Green (Univ. of Delaware, USA), John Merrill (Michigan State Univ., USA), Kyosuke Niwa (Hyogo Prefectural Tech. Ctr., Japan), Mary Rumpho (Univ. of Maine, USA), and Pu Xu (Changshu Inst. of Tech., China). All the authors belong to the RCN; we are grateful to the U.S. National Science Foundation for its support (NSF RCN 0741907).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA

    Elisabeth Gantt & Francis X. Cunningham Jr

  2. Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA

    G. Mine Berg

  3. Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA

    Debashish Bhattacharya, Cheong Xin Chan & Jeferson Gross

  4. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA

    Nicolas A. Blouin & Susan H. Brawley

  5. Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, London, UK

    Juliet A. Brodie

  6. CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Station Biologique, Roscoff, cedex, France

    Jonas Collén

  7. Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA

    Arthur R. Grossman

  8. Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA

    Steven Karpowicz

  9. Algal Genetics and Chemistry, Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan

    Yukihiro Kitade

  10. Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA

    Anita S. Klein, Subhash C. Minocha & Christopher D. Neefus

  11. Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Southern Maine, Lewiston, ME, 04240, USA

    Ira A. Levine

  12. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, 06340, USA

    Senjie Lin & Yun Zhuang

  13. School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, CN, China

    Shan Lu

  14. Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, CA, N2L 3G1

    Michael Lynch & Kirsten Müller

  15. Department of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Mariana Cabral de Oliveira

  16. Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA

    Linda Rymarquis

  17. Department of Plant Sciences, University Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Alison Smith

  18. Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, UK

    John W. Stiller

  19. College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, CN

    Wen-Kai Wu

  20. Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Stamford, CT, 06904, USA

    Charles Yarish

Authors
  1. Elisabeth Gantt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. G. Mine Berg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Debashish Bhattacharya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nicolas A. Blouin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Juliet A. Brodie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Cheong Xin Chan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Jonas Collén
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Francis X. Cunningham Jr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Jeferson Gross
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Arthur R. Grossman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Steven Karpowicz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Yukihiro Kitade
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Anita S. Klein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Ira A. Levine
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Senjie Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Shan Lu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Michael Lynch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. Subhash C. Minocha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. Kirsten Müller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. Christopher D. Neefus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. Mariana Cabral de Oliveira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  22. Linda Rymarquis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  23. Alison Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  24. John W. Stiller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  25. Wen-Kai Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  26. Charles Yarish
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  27. Yun Zhuang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  28. Susan H. Brawley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elisabeth Gantt .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Jerusalem, Mevo Hadas 20, Efrat, 90435, Israel

    Joseph Seckbach

  2. Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, 93106, USA

    David J. Chapman

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gantt, E. et al. (2010). Porphyra: Complex Life Histories in a Harsh Environment: P. umbilicalis, an Intertidal Red Alga for Genomic Analysis. In: Seckbach, J., Chapman, D. (eds) Red Algae in the Genomic Age. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology, vol 13. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3795-4_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation