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Perspectives of Stem Cells pp 11–33Cite as

Neurogenesis: A Change of Paradigms

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Abstract

Neurogenesis and neural stem cells in the adult brain are relatively recent discoveries in neuroscience. Since Cajal’s statement in 1928 it was conceived that in the adult brain no new neurons were formed. However, along the history of neuroscience new findings and observations did not fit to the established paradigm and novel concepts were formed. Thereafter, neurogenesis, a process of generation of new neurons was proved to occur in the adult brain. Later, the existence of stem cells made adult neurogenesis more plausible, and thus dividing cells leading to new neurons in the adult brains became widely accepted. These two concepts, adult neurogenesis and neural stem cells, together overturned the so-called no-new-neurons dogma and shifted the old paradigm. Currently, adult neurogenesis is largely accepted by the scientific community, and is a classic example of a long-held scientific theory being brought down. Here we review the most recent findings in neurogenesis and neural stem cell and their implication in brain function under physiological and pathological conditions from the self repair and medical perspective. We discuss factors that influence adult neurogenesis and stem cell behavior and their potential therapeutic implications.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

BDNF:

brain-derived neurotrophic factor

bFGF:

basically fibroblast growth factor

BrdU:

bromodeoxyuridine

CXCR4:

chemokine receptor 4

DG:

dentate gyrus

EGF:

epidermal growth factor

EGFP:

enhanced green fluorescent protein

GABA:

γ-aminobutyric acid

GFAP:

glial fibrillary acidic protein

GFP:

green fluorescent protein

GDNF:

glial-derived neurotrophic factor

HD:

Huntington’s disease

hNSC:

human neural stem cell(s)

IFN-γ:

interferon-gamma

IGF-1:

insulin-like growth factor-1

IL-1α:

interleukin-1 alpha

IL-1β:

interleukin-1 beta

IL-6:

interleukin-6

LPS:

lipopolysaccharide

NeuN:

neuronal nuclear antigen

NPC:

neuroprogenitor cell(s)

NPY:

neuropeptide Y

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

Pilo:

pilocarpine

POMC:

pro-opiomelanocortin

RMS:

rostral migratory stream

SDF1:

stromal cell-derived factor-1

SE:

status epilepticus

SGZ:

subgranular zone

SRMS:

spontaneous recurrent motor seizures

SVZ:

subventricular zone

TLE:

temporal lobe epilepsy

TNF-α:

tumor necrosis factor-alpha

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Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge Dr Aurel Popescu for suggestions and fertile discussion on immunoinflammation, Simone Romariz for the preparation of immunofluorescence assays and images, and Thomas Perlaky for the assistance with all the references. This work was supported by FAPESP and CNPq.

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  1. Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Luiz E. Mello & Beatriz M. Longo

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Correspondence to Luiz E. Mello .

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  1. Inst. Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil

    Henning Ulrich

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Mello, L.E., Longo, B.M. (2010). Neurogenesis: A Change of Paradigms. In: Ulrich, H. (eds) Perspectives of Stem Cells. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3375-8_2

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