Abstract
A3 adenosine receptors are subjected to fast desensitisation, internalisation and down regulation after agonist exposure. As almost all G-protein coupled receptors, these regulatory mechanisms are mediated by receptor phosphorylation in a process that results in the recruitment of arrestins. Receptor phosphorylation is a flexible and dynamic process in which the receptors are regulated in a unique manner depending on the cell type in which the receptors are expressed. This rapid regulatory mechanism has an important pathophysiological role: in fact the impairment of receptor responses obtained following agonist exposure may be therapeutically equivalent to antagonist occupancy and suggest the use of agonists in different pathological conditions in which the activity of A3 receptors should be regulated, such as neurodegenerative and cancer diseases. In this scenario, phosphorylation offers a mechanism of regulating the signalling outcome of G-protein coupled receptors that can be tailored to meet specific physiological role.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abbracchio MP, Burnstock G (1998) Purinergic signalling: pathophysiological roles. Jpn J Pharmacol 78(2):113–145
Abbracchio MP, Camurri A, Ceruti S, Cattabeni F, Falzano L, Giammarioli AM, Jacobson KA, Trincavelli L, Martini C, Malorni W, Fiorentini C (2001) The A3 adenosine receptor induces cytoskeleton rearrangement in human astrocytoma cells via a specific action on Rho proteins. Ann N Y Acad Sci 939:63–73
Akkari R, Burbiel JC, Hockemeyer J, Müller CE (2006) Recent progress in the development of adenosine receptor ligands as antiinflammatory drugs. Curr Topics Med Chem 6(13):1375–1399
Ally RA, Ives KL, Traube E, Eltounsi I, Chen PW, Cahill PJ, Battey JF, Hellmich MR, Kroog GS (2003) Agonist- and protein kinase C-induced phosphorylation have similar functional consequences for gastrin-releasing peptide receptor signaling via Gq. Mol Pharmacol 64(4):890–904
Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Romagnoli R, Fruttarolo F, Merighi S, Varani K, Gessi S, Borea PA (2005) Pyrazolo[4, 3-e]1, 2, 4-triazolo[1, 5-c]pyrimidine ligands, new tools to characterize A3 adenosine receptors in human tumor cell lines. Curr Med Chem 12(11):1319–1329
Benovic JL, Pike LJ, Cerione RA, Staniszewski C, Yoshimasa T, Codina J, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ (1985) Phosphorylation of the mammalian beta-adrenergic receptor by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Regulation of the rate of receptor phosphorylation and dephosphorylation by agonist occupancy and effects on coupling of the receptor to the stimulatory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein. J Biol Chem 260(11):7094–7101
Bonvini P, Hwang SG, El-Gamil M, Robbins P, Kim JS, Trepel J, Neckers L (2000) Nuclear beta-catenin displays GSK-3beta- and APC-independent proteasome sensitivity in melanoma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1495(3):308–318
Brambilla R, Cattabeni F, Ceruti S, Barbieri D, Franceschi C, Kim YC, Jacobson KA, Klotz K-N, Lohse MJ, Abbracchio MP (2000) Activation of the A3 adenosine receptor affects cell cycle progression and cell growth. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 361(3):225–234
Castro M, Dicker F, Vilardaga JP, Krasel C, Bernhardt M, Lohse MJ (2002) Dual regulation of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor signaling by protein kinase C and beta-arrestins. Endocrinology 143(10):3854–3865
Chuang TT, LeVine H 3rd, De Blasi A (1995) Phosphorylation and activation of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase by protein kinase C. J Biol Chem 270(31):18660–18665
Chini B, Parenti M (2004) G-protein coupled receptors in lipid rafts and caveolae: how, when and why do they go there? J Mol Endocrinol 32(2):325–338
Clark RB, Kunkel MW, Friedman J, Goka TJ, Johnson JA (1988) Activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase is required for heterologous desensitization of adenylyl cyclase in S49 wild-type lymphoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85(5):1442–1446
Cunningham ML, Waldo GL, Hollinger S, Hepler JR, Harden TK (2001) Protein kinase C phosphorylates RGS2 and modulates its capacity for negative regulation of Galpha 11 signaling. J Biol Chem 276(8):5438–5444
DeWire SM, Ahn S, Lefkowitz RJ, Shenoy SK (2007) Beta-arrestins and cell signaling. Annu Rev Physiol 69:483–510
Fan G, Shumay E, Malbon CC, Wang H (2001) c-Src tyrosine kinase binds the beta 2-adrenergic receptor via phospho-Tyr-350, phosphorylates G-protein-linked receptor kinase 2, and mediates agonist-induced receptor desensitization. J Biol Chem 276(16):13240–13247
Ferguson G, Watterson KR, Palmer TM (2000) Subtype-specific kinetics of inhibitory adenosine receptor internalization are determined by sensitivity to phosphorylation by G protein coupled receptor kinases. Mol Pharmacol 57(3):546–552
Ferguson G, Watterson KR, Palmer TM (2002) Subtype-specific regulation of receptor internalization and recycling by the carboxyl-terminal domains of the human A1 and rat A3 adenosine receptors: consequences for agonist-stimulated translocation of arrestin3. Biochemistry 41(50):14748–14761
Ferguson SS (2001) Evolving concepts in G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis: the role in receptor desensitization and signaling. Pharmacol Rev 53(1):1–24
Fishman P, Bar-Yehuda S (2003) Pharmacology and therapeutic applications of A3 receptor subtype. Curr Topics Med Chem 3(4):463–469
Fredholm BB, IJzerman AP, Jacobson KA, Klotz KN, Linden J (2001) International Union of Pharmacology. XXV. Nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 53(4):527–52
Fredholm BB, Arslan G, Halldner L, Kull B, Schulte G, Wasserman W (2000) Structure and function of adenosine receptors and their genes. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 362(4–5):364–374
Freedman NJ, Lefkowitz RJ (1996) Desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors. Recent Prog Horm Res 51:319–351
Gessi S, Cattabriga E, Avitabile A, Gafà R, Lanza G, Cavazzini L, Bianchi N, Gambari R, Feo C, Liboni A, Gullini S, Leung E, Mac-Lennan S, Borea PA (2004) Elevated expression of A3 adenosine receptors in human colorectal cancer is reflected in peripheral blood cells. Clin Cancer Res 10(17):5895–5901
Gessi S, Merighi S, Varani K, Leung E, Mac Lennan S, Borea PA (2008) The A3 adenosine receptor: an enigmatic player in cell biology. Pharmacol Ther 117(1):123–140
Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV, Cleghorn WM (2008) Arrestins as multi-functional signaling adaptors. Handb Exp Pharmacol 186:15–37
Hanyaloglu AC, von Zastrow M (2008) Regulation of GPCRs by endocytic membrane trafficking and its potential implications. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 48:537–568
Hardy AR, Conley PB, Luo J, Benovic JL, Poole AW, Mundell SJ (2005) P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors for ADP desensitize by distinct kinase-dependent mechanisms. Blood 105(9):3552–3560
Hausdorff WP, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ (1990) Turning off the signal: desensitization of beta-adrenergic receptor function. FASEB J 4(11):2881–2889
Jacobson KA, Hoffmannm C, Cattabeni F, Abbracchio MP (1999) Adenosine-induced cell death: evidence for receptor-mediated signalling. Apoptosis 4(3):197–211
Karoor V, Wang L, Wang HY, Malbon CC (1998) Insulin stimulates sequestration of beta-adrenergic receptors and enhanced association of beta-adrenergic receptors with Grb2 via tyrosine 350. J Biol Chem 273(49):33035–33041
Kelly E, Bailey CP, Henderson G (2008) Agonist-selective mechanisms of GPCR desensitization. Br J Pharmacol 153 Suppl 1:S379–388
Klaasse EC, Ijzerman AP, de Grip WJ, Beukers MW (2008) Internalization and desensitization of adenosine receptors. Purinergic Signal 4(1):21–37
Krasel C, Dammeier S, Winstel R, Brockmann J, Mischak H, Lohse MJ (2001) Phosphorylation of GRK2 by protein kinase C abolishes its inhibition by calmodulin. J Biol Chem 276(3):1911–1915
Krupnick JG, Benovic JL (1998) The role of receptor kinases and arrestins in G protein-coupled receptor regulation. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 38:289–319
Lefkowitz RJ (1998) G protein-coupled receptors. III. New roles for receptor kinases and beta-arrestins in receptor signaling and desensitization. J Biol Chem 273(30):18677–18680
Lefkowitz RJ (2004) Historical review: a brief history and personal retrospective of seven-transmembrane receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 25(8):413–422
Liang BT, Jacobson KA (1998) A physiological role of the adenosine A3 receptor: sustained cardioprotection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(12):6995–6999
Lohse MJ (1993) Molecular mechanisms of membrane receptor desensitization. Biochim Biophys Acta 1179(2):171–188
Lorenz K, Lohse MJ, Quitterer U (2003) Protein kinase C switches the Raf kinase inhibitor from Raf-1 to GRK-2. Nature 426(6966):574–579
Madi L, Bar-Yehuda S, Barer F, Ardon E, Ochaion A, Fishman P (2003) A3 adenosine receptor activation in melanoma cells: association between receptor fate and tumour growth inhibition. J Biol Chem 278(43):42121–42130
Marchese A, Paing MM, Temple BR, Trejo J (2008) G protein-coupled receptor sorting to endosomes and lysosomes. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 48:601–629
Maudsley S, Martin B, Luttrell LM (2005) The origins of diversity and specificity in g protein-coupled receptor signalling. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 314(2):485–494
Mitchell CH, Peterson-Yantorno K, Carré DA, McGlinn AM, Coca-Prados M, Stone RA, Civan MM (1999) A3 adenosine receptors regulate Cl-channels of nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 276(3 Pt 1):C659–666
Morin PJ (1999) Beta-catenin signaling and cancer. BioEssays 21(12):1021–1030
Olah ME, Stiles GL (2000) The role of receptor structure in determining adenosine receptor activity. Pharmacol Ther 85(2):55–75
Palmer TM, Benovic JL, Stiles GL (1996) Molecular basis for subtype-specific desensitization of inhibitory adenosine receptors. Analysis of a chimeric A1–A3 adenosine receptor. J Biol Chem 271(25):15272–15278
Palmer TM, Benovic JL, Stiles GL (1995) Agonist-dependent phosphorylation and desensitization of the rat A3 adenosine receptor. Evidence for a G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-mediated mechanism. J Biol Chem 270(49):29607–29613
Palmer TM, Harris CA, Coote J, Stiles GL (1997) Induction of multiple effects on adenylyl cyclase regulation by chronic activation of the human A3 adenosine receptor. Mol Pharmacol 52(4):632–640
Palmer TM, Stiles GL (2000) Identification of threonine residues controlling the agonist-dependent phosphorylation and desensitization of the rat A3 adenosine receptor. Mol Pharmacol 57(3):539–545
Paxton WG, Marrero MB, Klein JD, Delafontaine P, Berk BC, Bernstein KE (1994) The angiotensin II AT1 receptor is tyrosine and serine phosphorylated and can serve as a substrate for the src family of tyrosine kinases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 200(1):260–267
Penn RB, Pascual RM, Kim YM, Mundell SJ, Krymskaya VP, Panettieri RA Jr, Benovic JL (2001) Arrestin specificity for G protein-coupled receptors in human airway smooth muscle. J Biol Chem 276(35):32648–3256
Pierce KL, Premont RT, Lefkowitz RJ (2002) Seven-transmembrane receptors. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3(9):639–650
Pitcher JA, Freedman NJ, Lefkowitz RJ (1998) G protein-coupled receptor kinases. Annu Rev Biochem 67:653–692
Premont RT, Gainetdinov RR (2007) Physiological roles of G protein-coupled receptor kinases and arrestins. Annu Rev Physiol 69:511–534
Premont RT, Inglese J, Lefkowitz RJ (1995) Protein kinases that phosphorylate activated G protein-coupled receptors. FASEB J 9(2):175–182
Ramkumar V, Stiles GL, Beaven MA, Ali H (1993) The A3 adenosine receptor is the unique adenosine receptor which facilitates release of allergic mediators in mast cells. J Biol Chem 268(23):16887–16890
Ramkumar V, Stiles GL (1994) In: Sibley DR, Houslay MD (eds) Regulation of cellular signal transduction pathways by desensitization and amplification. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp 217–232
Reiter E, Lefkowitz RJ (2006) GRKs and beta-arrestins: roles in receptor silencing, trafficking and signaling. Trends Endocrinol Metab 17(4):159–165
Ribas C, Penela P, Murga C, Salcedo A, GarcÃa-Hoz C, Jurado-Pueyo M, Aymerich I, Mayor F Jr (2007) The G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) interactome: role of GRKs in GPCR regulation and signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta 1768(4):913–922
Robbins PF, El-Gamil M, Li YF, Kawakami Y, Loftus D, Appella E, Rosenberg SA (1996) A mutated beta-catenin gene encodes a melanoma-specific antigen recognized by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. J Exp Med 183(3):1185–1192
Santini F, Penn RB, Gagnon AW, Benovic JL, Keen JH (2000) Selective recruitment of arrestin-3 to clathrin-coated pits upon stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors. J Cell Sci 113(13):2463–2470
Stadel JM, Nambi P, Shorr RG, Sawyer DF, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ (1983) Catecholamine-induced desensitization of turkey erythrocyte adenylate cyclase is associated with phosphorylation of the beta-adrenergic receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 80(11):3173–3177
Tobin AB, Butcher AJ, Kong KC (2008) Location, location, location...site-specific GPCR phosphorylation offers a mechanism for cell-type-specific signalling. Trends Pharmacol Sci 29(8):413–420
Tobin AB (2008) G-protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation: where, when and by whom. Br J Pharmacol 153(Suppl 1):S167–S176
Trincavelli ML, Tuscano D, Cecchetti P, Falleni A, Benzi L, Klotz K-N, Gremigni V, Cattabeni F, Lucacchini A, Martini C (2000) Agonist-induced internalization and recycling of the human A3 adenosine receptors: role in receptor desensitization and resensitization. J Neurochem 75(4):1493–1501
Trincavelli ML, Tuscano D, Marroni M, Falleni A, Gremigni V, Ceruti S, Abbracchio MP, Jacobson KA, Cattabeni F, Martini C (2002a) A3 adenosine receptors in human astrocytoma cells: agonistmediated desensitization, internalization, and down-regulation. Mol Pharmacol 62(6):1373–1384
Trincavelli ML, Tuscano D, Marroni M, Klotz K-N, Lucacchini A, Martini C (2002b) Involvement of mitogen protein kinase cascade in agonist-mediated human A3 adenosine receptor regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1591(1–3):55–62
Von Lubitz DK, Lin RC, Boyd M, Bischofberger N, Jacobson KA (1999) Chronic administration of adenosine A3 receptor agonist and cerebral ischemia: neuronal and glial effects. Eur J Pharmacol 367(2–3):157–63
Von Lubitz DK, Lin RC, Popik P, Carter MF, Jacobson KA (1994) Adenosine A3 receptor stimulation and cerebral ischemia. Eur J Pharmacol 263(1–2):59–67
Yaar R, Jones MR, Chen JF, Ravid K (2005) Animal models for the study of adenosine receptor function. J Cell Physiol 202(1):9–20
Yamano K, Inoue M, Masaki S, Saki M, Ichimura M, Satoh M (2005) Human A3R leads to intracellular Ca2+ mobilization but is insufficient to activate the signaling pathway via phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 70(10):1487–1496
Young HW, Molina JG, Dimina D, Zhong H, Jacobson M, Chan LN, Chan TS, Lee JJ, Blackburn MR (2004) A3 adenosine receptor signaling contributes to airway inflammation and mucus production in adenosine deaminase-deficient mice. J Immunol 173(2):1380–1389
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Trincavelli, M.L., Ciampi, O., Martini, C. (2010). The Desensitisation as A3 Adenosine Receptor Regulation: Physiopathological Implications. In: Borea, P. (eds) A3 Adenosine Receptors from Cell Biology to Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3144-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3144-0_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-3143-3
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-3144-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)