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Osmolyte Regulation in Abiotic Stress

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Abiotic Stress Adaptation in Plants

Summary

To withstand osmotic stress induced by salinity, drought or extreme temperatures, all organisms have evolved a machinery to synthesize metabolites, termed “compatible solutes” or “osmo-protectants”, which help in raising the osmotic pressure and thereby maintaining both the turgor pressure and the driving gradient for water uptake. In addition, these compounds also help in maintaining the structural integrity of enzymes, membranes and other cellular components during the stress regime. Of special importance among these metabolites is nitrogen containing compounds (e.g., quaternary amino compounds and proline) and hydroxyl compounds (e.g., polyols and oligosaccharides). These compounds are distributed throughout the biological kingdom and are generally products of stress-induced pathway extensions, although normal metabolites such inositols may also act as osmolytes. Chemically, different osmolytes function through a common mechanism of stabilization of proteins under stress or by osmotic adjustments, and these mechanisms seem to be universal among the biological system. Over-expression of genes for the synthesis of different osmolytes in transgenics enables the plants to cope better with the stress due to higher accumulation of the concerned osmolytes. However, in several cases, such as trehalose and inositol, the accumulation is far below the required amount and it is conjectured that these metabolites might function in a manner unrelated to their osmolyte role and are hence more involved in the general growth and development of the plants under abiotic stress conditions.

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Abbreviations

BADH:

betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase

CDH:

choline dehydrogenase

CMO:

choline monooxygenase

COX:

choline oxidase

DAPDC:

diaminopimelate decarboxylase

DMSP:

dimethylsulfoniopropionate

GB:

glycine betaine

GG:

glucosylglycerol

GIPLs:

gycoinositolphospholipids

GPC:

glycerophosphocholine

GSA:

glutamic-semialdehyde

LPG:

lipophosphoglycan

MDCK:

Madin-Darby canine kidney cells

mPPG:

membrane bound proteophosphoglycan

NHK:

normal human keratinocytes

PCO:

photosynthetic carbon oxidation

P5C:

pyrroline-5-carboxylate

P5CDH:

P5C dehydrogenase

P5CR:

P5C reductase

P5CS:

P5C synthase

ProDH:

proline dehydrogenase

QACs:

quartenary ammonium compounds

SAM:

S-adenosylmethionine

TPP:

trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase

TPS:

trehalose-6-phosphate synthase

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Molecular and Cellular Genetics, Bose Institute, P-1/12, C I T Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700 054, India

    Arun Lahiri Majumder, Sonali Sengupta & Lily Goswami

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  1. Arun Lahiri Majumder
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  2. Sonali Sengupta
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  3. Lily Goswami
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Correspondence to Arun Lahiri Majumder .

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  1. School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India

    Ashwani Pareek

  2. School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India

    S.K. Sopory

  3. Dept. Plant Biology, University of Illinois, W. Gregory Drive 1201, Urbana, 61801, U.S.A.

    Hans J. Bohnert

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Majumder, A.L., Sengupta, S., Goswami, L. (2009). Osmolyte Regulation in Abiotic Stress. In: Pareek, A., Sopory, S., Bohnert, H. (eds) Abiotic Stress Adaptation in Plants. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3112-9_16

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