Skip to main content

Sources and Types of Uncertainties Associated with Radioactive Particles

  • Conference paper
Radioactive Particles in the Environment

Abstract

The environmental release of radionuclides associated with hot particles is more frequent than commonly recognised, and should also be expected in future nuclear events. Hence the presence of radioactive particles can be expected to influence the environmental impact and risk assessments associated with contaminated areas. This paper addresses the different types of uncertainty arising from hot particles. The first part considers the different categories and dimensions of uncertainty, and the second part illustrates the way that hot particles can impact on the source term, transfer, and biological effects of radionuclides. While it is certainly not the case that increased knowledge will always result in reduced uncertainty (for example the presence of hot particles can lead to greater variability in parameters), it should be clear that assessments will benefit greatly from a better understanding of the way hot particles can impact on the behaviour of radionuclides in the environment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bunzl, K. 1997. Probability of detecting hot particles in environmental samples by sample splitting, Analyst 122: 653–656.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calow, P. 1998. Ecological risk assessment: Risk of what?.. How do we decide?.. Ecotox Environ Safety 40: 15–18.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CERRIE. 2004. Report of the Committee Examining Radiation Risks of Internal Emitters (CERRIE). London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlain, AC. 1987. Environmental impact of particles emitted from windscale piles, 1954. Sci Total Environ 63: 139–160.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper MB, Burns PA, Tracy BL, Wilks MJ, Williams GA. 1994. Characterization of plutonium contamination at the former nuclear-weapons testing range at Maralinga in South-Australia. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 177: 161–184.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crocker GR, Oconnor JD, Freiling EC. 1966. Physical and radiochemical properties of fallout particles. Health Phys 12: 1099.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devell L, Tovedal H, Bergstrom U, Appelgren A, Chyssler J, Andersson L. 1986. Initial observations of fallout from the reactor accident at Chernobyl. Nature 321: 192–193.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IAEA CRP. Radiochemical, Chemical and Physical Characterisation of radioactive particles in the environment. First RCM report. IAEA, Vienna.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kashparov VA, Oughton DH, Protsak VP, Zvarisch SI, Levchuk SE. 1999. Kinetics of fuel particle weathering and 90Sr mobility in the Chernobyl 30 km exclusion zone. Health Phys 76: 251–259.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kashparov VA, Protsak VP, Ahamdach N, Stammose D, Peres JM, Yoshchenko VI, Zvarich SI. 2000. Dissolution kinetics of particles of irradiated Chernobyl nuclear fuel: influence of pH and oxidation state on the release of radionuclides in the contaminated soil of Chernobyl. J Nucl Mater 279: 225–233.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuriny VD, Ivanov YA, Kashparov VA, et al. 1993. Particle-associated Chernobyl fallout in the local and intermediate zones. Ann Nucl Energy 20: 415–420.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lind OC, Salbu B, Janssens K, Proost K, Garcia-Leon M, Garcia-Tenorio R. 2007. Characterization of U/Pu particles originating from the nuclear weapon accidents at Palomares, Spain, 1966 and Thule, Greenland, 1968. Sci Total Environ 376: 294–305

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lind OC, Salbu B, Skipperud L, Janssens K, Jaroszewicz J, De Nolf W. 2009. Solid state speciation and potential bioavailability of depleted uranium particles from Kosovo and Kuwait. J Environ Radioact 100: 301–307.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lind OC, Salbu B, Janssens K, Proost K, Garcia-Leon M, Garcia-Tenorio R. 2007. Characterization of U/Pu particles originating from the nuclear weapon accidents at Palomares, Spain, 1966 and Thule, Greenland, 1968 Sci Total Environ 376(1–3): 294–305.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lind OL, Oughton DH, Salbu B, Skipperud L, Sickel MA, Brown JE, Fifield LK, Tims SG. 2006. Transport of low 240Pu/239Pu atom ratio plutonium species in the Ob and Yenisey Rivers to the Kara Sea. Earth Planet Sci Lett 251: 33–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan MG, Henrion M. 1990. Uncertainty. A Guide to Dealing with Uncertainty in Quantitative Risk and Panalysis. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oberdorster E. 2004. Manufactured nanomaterials (Fullerenes, C-60) induce oxidative stress in the brain of juvenile largemouth bass. Environ Health Perspect 112: 1058–1062.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oughton DH, Hertel-Aas T, Pellicer E, Mendoza E, Joner EJ. 2008. Neutron activation of engineered nanoparticles as a tool for tracing their environmental fate and uptake in rganisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 27: 1883–1887.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oughton DH, Salbu B, Brand TL, Day JP, Aarkrog A. 1993. Under-determination of Sr-90 in soils containing particles of irradiated uranium oxide fuel. Analyst 118: 1101–1105.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oughton DH, Agüero A, Avila R, Brown JE, Copplestone D, Gilek M. 2008. Addressing uncertainties in the ERICA integrated approach. J Environ Radioact 99: 1384–1392.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oughton DH. 2003. Protection of the environment against ionising radiation: ethical issues. J Environ Radioact 66: 3–18.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oughton DH. 2006. Uncertainties from multiple stressors, in: Multiple Stressors: A Challenge for the Future, NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, pp. 455– 465.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salbu B, Bjornstad HE, Svaren I, Prosser SL, Bulman RA, Harvey BR, Lovett MB. 1993. Size Distribution of radionuclides in nuclear-fuel reprocessing liquids after mixing with seawater. Sci Total Environ 130: 51–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salbu B, Janssens K, Lind OC, Proost K, Danesi PR. 2003. Oxidation states of uranium in DU particles from Kosovo. J Environ Radioact 64: 167–173.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salbu B, Janssens K, Lind OC, Proost K, Gijsels L, Danesi PR. 2005. Oxidation states of uranium in depleted uranium particles from Kuwait. J Environ Radioact 78: 125–135.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salbu B, Krekling T, Lind OC, Oughton DH, et al. 2001. High energy X-ray microscopy for characterisation of fuel particles. Nucl Instr and Meth A 467: 1249–1252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salbu B, Krekling T, Oughton DH, Ostby G, Kashparov VA, Brand TL, Day JP. 1994. Hot particles in accidental releases from Chernobyl and windscale nuclear installations. Analyst 119: 125–130.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salbu B, Krekling T, Oughton DH. 1998. Characterisation of radioactive particles in the environment. Analyst 123: 843–849.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salbu B, Skipperud L, Germain P, Guegueniat P, Strand P, Lind OC, Christensen G. 2003. Radionuclide speciation in effluent from La Hague reprocessing plant in France. Health Phys 85: 311–322.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salbu B. 2000. Speciation of radionuclides in the environment, in Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, R.A. Meyers ed. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, pp. 12993–13016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salbu, B. 2009. Sources of radioactive particles in the environment. This volume.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon SL, Jenner T, Graham JC, Borchert A. 1995. A comparison of macroscopic and microscopic measurements of plutonium in contaminated soil from the Republic-Of-The-Marshall-Islands. J Radioanal Nucl Chem Art 194: 197–205.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suter GW. 1993. Ecological Risk Assessment. Lewis Publishers. USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1998. Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment. EPA/630/R-95/002F, USEPA, Risk Assessment Forum.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Sluijs, J. 2003. RIVM. MNP Guidance for Uncertainty Assessment and Communication Detailed Guidance (RIVM/MNP Guidance for Uncertainty Assessment and Communication Series, Volume 3), RIVN, Bithoven, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker WE, et al. 2003. Defining uncertainty: A conceptual basis for uncertainty management in model-based decision support. Integr Assess 4: 5–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science + Business Media B.V.

About this paper

Cite this paper

Oughton, D.H., Salbu, B. (2009). Sources and Types of Uncertainties Associated with Radioactive Particles. In: Oughton, D.H., Kashparov, V. (eds) Radioactive Particles in the Environment. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2949-2_19

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics