Abstract
Zhang Shi 張栻 (1133–1180; also known by his courtesy names Jingfu 敬夫 or Qinfu 欽夫, as well as his literary name Nanxuan or Nanxian 南軒) was an important Song thinker who continued the philosophical tradition of Cheng Hao and Hu Hong, and maintained significant intellectual exchanges with ZHu Xi for almost two decades. Moreover, Zhang was one of the few twelfth-century philosophers to be included with ZHu Xi in the official 1345 Song History(Song shi 宋史) special category of “learning of the way” (daoxue 道學) Confucians, which had already in 1241 attained special endorsement as orthodoxy by the Southern Song government. A longstanding summary judgment articulated by Quan Zuwang 全祖望 (1705–1775) about Zhang’s ideas still echoes among many China scholars: Zhang Shi was like Cheng Hao, and ZHu Xi was like Cheng Yi (Huang and Quan 1986: 50.1609).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Despite Tze-ki Hon’s (see the first essay in this volume) acceptance of Joseph Adler’s gloss of ji as “Polarity” and taiji as “Supreme Polarity,” we continue to prefer the more standard gloss of “Ultimate” and “Supreme Ultimate” because Adler’s gloss does not work well for Zhang Shi. Furthermore, although Adler’s gloss is a reasonable attempt to convey Zhu Xi’s usage, his gloss fails to capture the range of Zhu Xi’s meaning and usage as effectively as “Ultimate” does.
Bibliography
Cai, Fanglu 蔡方鹿. 1991. Master Teacher of a Generation: Z hang Shi and his Philosophy 一代學者宗師–張栻及其哲學. Chengdu 成都: Bashu shushe 巴蜀書社. (Concise account of Zhang’s thought on politics, philosophy, and education, as well as his exchange with Zhu Xi.)
Chan, Wing-tsit. 1989. Chu Hsi: New Studies. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. (Chan was the single most important scholar in the promotion of Zhu Xi Studies in America, and this book is his major culminating work on topics he felt had been inadequately addressed.)
Chao, Gongwu 晁公武 and Zhao Xibian 趙希弁. 1987. Record of Readings at the Prefect’s Residence 郡齋讀書志. Siku quanshu edition 四庫全書本. Shanghai 上海: Guji chubanshe 古籍出版社. (Chao’s [1105–1180] book is China’s earliest preserved private annotated bibliographical work, and it was extended by Zhao in the thirteenth century.)
Chen, Gujia 陳谷嘉. 1991. Research on Z hang Shi and the Huxiang School of Thought 張栻與湖湘學派研究. Changsha 長沙: Hunan jiaoyu chubanshe 湖南教育出版社. (Description of Zhang’s philosophical thought in the context of the Hunan school.)
Chen, Gujia 陳穀嘉. 2006. Research on the Ethical Thought of the Song Era’s School of Principle 宋代理學倫理思想研究. Changsha 長沙: Hunan daxue chubanshe 湖南大學出版社.
Chen, Lai 陳來. 2007. “Zhu Xi’s ‘Treatise on Humaneness’ and the Evolution of Song Era Daoxue Discourse” 朱熹的〈仁說〉 與宋代道學話語的演變. In Chen Lai 陳來 (ed.), The Formation and Evolution of the Early Period of Daoxue Discourse 早期道學話語的形成與演變, Hefei 合肥: Anhui jiaoyu chubanshe 安徽教育出版社. (Written by Peking University Philosophy professor, this essay is a good representation of the erudition with which he has addressed Zhu Xi’s thought since the early 1980s.)
Chen, Rongjie [Chan, Wing-tsit] 陳榮捷. 1988. Z hu Xi: New Studies 朱子新探索. Taibei 台北: Xuesheng shuju 學生書局.
Cheng, Hao 程顥, and Cheng Yi 程頤. 1981. Collected Works of the Two Chengs 二程集. Beijing 北京: Zhonghua shuju 中華書局.
Hu, Hong 胡宏. 1987a. Great Record of Emperors and Kings 皇王大紀. Siku quanshu edition 四庫全書本. Shanghai上海: Guji chubanshe 古籍出版社.
Hu, Hong 胡宏. 1987b. Collected Writings of H u Hong 五峰集. Siku quanshu edition 四庫全書本. Shanghai上海: Guji chubanshe 古籍出版社.
Huang, Zongxi 黃宗羲 and Quan Zuwang 全祖望 (eds.) 1986. Song-Yuan Case Studies 宋元學案. Beijing 北京: Zhonghua shuju 中華書局. (This work, which was begun in the late eighteenth century, remains a major secondary interpretation of Confucian thought during the Song and Yuan periods.)
Laozi老子. 1996. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Institute of Chinese Studies, compiler, A Concordance to the Laozi. Hong Kong: The Commercial Press.
Liu, Shuxian [Liu, Shu-hsien] 劉述先. 1983. “Further Examination of Zhu Xi’s ‘Treatise on Ren,’ The Concept of the Supreme Ultimate, and Orthodox Tradition of the Way – Reflections on Participating at the International Conference on Zhu Xi 朱子的仁說、太極觀點與道統問題的再審查.” Shixue pinglun 史學評論 5: 173–188.
Liu, Shuxian [Liu, Shu-hsien] 劉述先. 1984. Development and Completion of Master Zhu’s Philosophical Thought 朱子哲學思想的發展與完成. Taibei 台北: Xuesheng shuju 學生書局.
Liu, Shu-hsien 劉述先. 1989. “On Chu Hsi’s Search for Equilibrium and Harmony.” In Liu et al. (eds.), Harmony and Strife: Contemporary Perspectives, East and West. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. (This solid essay also provides a window into the perspective of the Mou Zongsan school of thought, of which Liu is the foremost representative today.)
Lü, Zuqian 呂祖謙. 1987. Secondary Collection of L ü Zuqian 東萊集別集. Siku quanshu edition 四庫全書本. Shanghai上海: Guji chubanshe 古籍出版社.
Mou, Zongsan. 1968–1969. Onto-cosmological State of the Original Heart/Mind and Human Nature 心體與性體. Taibei 台北: Zhengzhong 正中. (This critical work in three volumes is by the most creative philosopher among the twentieth-century “new” Confucians.)
Satō, Hitoshi, 1986. “Chu Hsi’s ‘Treatise on Jen.’” In Wing-tsit Chan (ed.), Chu Hsi and Neo-Confucianism. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. (This article provides a solid overview from the perspective of Japanese scholarship.)
Su, Xuansheng 蘇鉉盛. 2007a. “Zhang Shi’s Explanation of the Supreme Ultimate 張栻的《太極解》.” In Chen Lai 陳來 (ed.), The Formation and Evolution of the Early Period of Daoxue Discourse 早期道學話語的形成與演變. Hefei 合肥: Anhui jiaoyu chubanshe 安徽教育出版社. (Thorough analysis of Zhang’s thought on the Supreme Ultimate, making extensive use of newly discovered material.)
Su, Xuansheng 蘇鉉盛. 2007b. “Zhang Shi’s Views of Equilibrium and Harmony” 張栻的中和說. In Chen Lai 陳來 (ed.), The Formation and Evolution of the Early Period of Daoxue Discourse 早期道學話語的形成與演變. Hefei 合肥: Anhui jiaoyu chubanshe 安徽教育出版社. (This solid essay is by one of Chen Lai’s former PhD students.)
Tian, Hao 田浩 (Hoyt Tillman). 2008. Z hu Xi’s World of Thought 朱熹的思維世界 (Revised and expanded edition 增訂版). Taibei 台北: Yunchen wenhua 允晨文化. A simplified-character edition was published under the same title: Nanjing 南京: Jiangsu renmin chubanshe 江蘇人民出版社江, 2009. (Book’s core is Tillman 1992; however, it contains much more material and documentation and is addressed to a Chinese audience.)
Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland. 1992. Confucian Discourse and Chu Hsi’s Ascendancy. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. (Places Zhang Shi and others in the context of the evolution of the twelfth-century daoxue fellowship into state orthodoxy in 1241.)
Wang, Maohong 王懋竑. 1987. Investigation of Discrepancies in Master Zhu’s Chronological Biography 朱子年譜考異. Siku quanshu edition 四庫全書本. Shanghai 上海: Guji chubanshe 古籍出版社. (Despite notable modern efforts, Wang’s remains the standard biography of Zhu.)
Wang, Yu 王煜. 1992. “Review of CAI Fanglu’s Master Teacher of a Generation: Z hang Shi and his Philosophy” 評蔡方鹿《一代學者宗師–張栻及其哲學》. Philosophy and Culture 哲學與文化 19.4: 378–382.
Wu, Cheng 吳澄. 1987. Collected Writings of W u Cheng 吳文正集. Siku quanshu edition 四庫全書本. Shanghai 上海: Guji chubanshe 古籍出版社. (Wu [1249–1333]) was a fourth generation disciple of Zhu Xi.)
Yu, Yingshi 余英時. 2003. Z hu Xi’s Historical World 朱熹歷史的世界. Taibei 台北: Yunchen wenhua 允晨文化. (This major reinterpretation of Zhu Xi demonstrates manifold affinities between Zhang Shi and Zhu Xi, as well as with other daoxue Confucian intellectuals, in their views on Song political culture and policies.)
Zhang, Shi 張栻. 1987a. 1173 Explication of the Analects 癸巳論語解. Siku quanshu edition 四庫全書本. Shanghai 上海: Guji chubanshe 古籍出版社.
Zhang, Shi 張栻. 1987b. 1173 Commentary on the Mencius 癸巳孟子說. Siku quanshu edition 四庫全書本. Shanghai 上海: Guji chubanshe 古籍出版社.
Zhang, Shi 張栻. 1987c. Collected Writings of Z hang Shi 南軒集. Siku quanshu edition 四庫全書本. Shanghai 上海: Guji chubanshe 古籍出版社.
Zhang, Shi 張栻. 1987d. Z hang Shi’s Commentary on the Book of Change 南軒易說. Siku quanshu edition 四庫全書本. Shanghai 上海: Guji chubanshe 古籍出版社.
Zhang, Shi 張栻. 1999. Z hang Shi’s Complete Works 張栻全集, 3 vols. Changchun 長春: Changchun chubanshe 長春出版社. (Convenient modern edition with punctuation, but Zhang 1987 is more standard.)
Zhang, Shi 張栻. 2007. Explanation of the Supreme Ultimate’s Meaning 張栻《太極解義》, reconstructed by Su Xuansheng 蘇鉉盛. In Chen Lai 陳來 (ed.), The Formation and Evolution of the Early Period of Daoxue Discourse 早期道學話語的形成與演變. Hefei 合肥: Anhui jiaoyu chubanshe 安徽教育出版社. (So far the only available reconstruction of one of Zhang’s major works, which had been lost for centuries.)
Zhen, Dexiu 真德秀. 1987. Record of Readings by Z hen Dexiu 西山讀書記. Siku quanshu edition 四庫全書本. Shanghai 上海: Guji chubanshe 古籍出版社.
Zhou Yi 周易. 1995. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Institute of Chinese Studies, A Concordance to the Zhou Yi. Hong Kong: The Commercial Press.
Zhou, Dunyi 周敦頤. 1987. Collected Writings of Z hou Dunyi 周元公集. Siku quanshu edition 四庫全書本. Shanghai 上海: Guji chubanshe 古籍出版社.
Zhou, Dunyi 周敦頤. 1988. Collected Writings of Master Zhou from Lianxi 元公周先生濂溪集. Reprinted in Collection of Old Rare Editions from the Beijing Library 北京圖書館古籍珍本叢刊, vol. 88. Beijing 北京: Shumu wenxian chubanshe 書目文獻出版社. (Reprint of a late Song edition of Zhou’s works, containing some of Zhang Shi’s writings not preserved elsewhere.)
Zhu, Xi 朱熹. 1986. Topically Arranged Conversations of Master Zhu 朱子語類. Beijing 北京: Zhonghua shuju 中華書局.
Zhu, Xi 朱熹. 1996. Collected Writings of Z hu Xi 朱熹集. Chengdu 成都: Sichuan jiaoyu chubanshe 四川教育出版社.
Zhu, Xi 朱熹. 2002. Complete Writings of Master Zhu 朱子全書. Shanghai 上海: Guji chubanshe 古籍出版社.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tillman, H.C., Soffel, C. (2010). Zhang Shi’s Philosophical Perspectives on Human Nature, Heart/Mind, Humaneness, and the Supreme Ultimate. In: Makeham, J. (eds) Dao Companion to Neo-Confucian Philosophy. Dao Companions to Chinese Philosophy, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2930-0_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2930-0_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-2929-4
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-2930-0
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawPhilosophy and Religion (R0)