Skip to main content

Molecular Diffusion Across Particle Boundaries

  • Chapter
Fundamentals of Latex Film Formation

Part of the book series: Springer Laboratory ((SPLABORATORY))

Abstract

In the previous chapters, we have reviewed how particles pack together during the drying process and why they become deformed from their initial spherical shape. Yet, the film formation process does not stop there: an important third stage follows.

In 1958, only a few years after the theories of particle deformation were first proposed (as outlined in Chapter 4), VoyutskiÄ­ published his reaction to this previous work. His short paper contained some impressive insights but did not have quantitative experiments to support them. His ideas foreshadowed many of the future experimental developments that will be presented in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aradian A., Raphaël E., de Gennes P.-G. (2000) Strengthening of a polymer interface: Interdiffusion and cross-linking. Macromolecules 33: 9444–9451.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aradian A., Raphaël E., de Gennes P.-G. (2002) A scaling theory of the competition between interdiffusion and cross-linking at polymer interfaces. Macro-molecules 35: 4036–4043.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binder K., Muller M., Schmid F., Werner A. (1999) Interfacial profiles between coexisting phases in thin films: Cahn-Hilliard treatment versus capillary waves. J Stat Phys 95: 1045–1068

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boczar E.M., Dionne B.C., Fu Z.W., Kirk A.B., Lesko P.M., Koller A.D. (1993) Spectroscopic studies of polymer interdiffusion during film formation. Macro-molecules 26: 5772–5781

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broseta D., Fredrickson G.H., Helfand E., Leibler L. (1990) Molecular weight and polydispersity effects at polymer-polymer interfaces. Macromolecules 23: 132–139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bueche F., Cashin W.M., Debye P. (1952) The measurement of self-diffusion in solid polymers. J Chem Phys 20: 1956–1958

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carelli C., Jones R.A.L., Young R.N., Cubitt R., Dalgliesh R., Schmid F., Sfer-razza M. (2005) Approaching criticality in polymer-polymer systems. Phys Rev E. 72: 031807 (5 pages)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Gennes P.G. (1971) Reptation of a polymer chain in the presence of fixed obstacles. J Chem Phys 55: 572–579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Gennes P.-G. (1975) Reptation of stars. J Phys (Paris) 36: 1199–1203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Gennes P.-G. (1989) Formation of a diffuse interface between two polymers. CR Acad Sci Paris, II. 308: 13–17

    Google Scholar 

  • de Gennes P.-G. (1989b) Weak adhesive junctions. J Phys France 2551–2562

    Google Scholar 

  • Distler D., Kanig G. (1978) Fine structure of polymers from aqueous dispersion. Colloid Polym Sci 256: 1052–1060 (in German)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doi M., Edwards S.F. (1986) The Theory of Polymer Dynamics. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feng J.R., Winnik M.A. (1997) Effect of water on polymer diffusion in latex films. Macromolecules 30: 4324–4331.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng J.R., Pham H., Stoeva V., Winnik M.A. (1998) Polymer diffusion in latex films at ambient temperature. J Polym Sci Pt B—.Polym Phys 36: 1129–1139.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng J.R., Odrobina E., Winnik M.A. (1998b) Effect of hard polymer filler particles on polymer diffusion in a low-Tg latex film. Macromolecules 31: 5290–5299.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferry J.D. (1980), Viscoelastic properties of polymers, third edition, John Wiley and Sons

    Google Scholar 

  • Geurts J.M., van Es J.J.G.S., German A.L. (1996) Latexes with intrinsic crosslink activity. Prog Org Coatings 29: 107–115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn K., Ley G., Schuller H., Oberthür R. (1986) On particle coalescence in latex films. Colloid Polym Sci 264: 1092–1096.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haley J.C., Liu Y., Winnik M.A., Lau W. (2008) The onset of polymer diffusion in a drying acrylate latex: how water initially retards coalescence but ultimately enhances diffusion. J Coat Technol Res 5(2): 157–168.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joanicot M., Wong K., Richard J., Maquet J., Cabane B. (1993) Ripening of cellular latex films. Macromolecules 26: 3168–3175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jud K., Kausch H.H., Williams J.G. (1981) Fracture mechanics studies of crack healing and welding of polymers. J Mater Sci 16: 204–210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Juhué D., Wang Y., Winnik M.A., Haley F. (1993) Influence of a coalescing aid on polymer diffusion in poly(butyl methacrylate) latex films. Makromol Chem Rapid Commun 14: 345–349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Juhué D., Lang J. (1994) Latex film formation in the presence of organic solvents. Macromolecules 27:695–701

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karim A., Mansour A., Felcher G.P., Russell T.P. (1990) Shorttime relaxation at polymeric interfaces. Phys Rev B 42: 6846–6849

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kausch H.H., Petrovska D., Landel R.F., Monnerie L. (1987) Intermolecular interaction in polymer alloys as studied by crack healing. Polym Eng Sci 27(2): 149–154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim H.B., Winnik M.A. (1994) Effect of surface acid group neutralisation on interdiffusion rates in latex films. Macromolecules 27: 1007–1012

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim H.B., Winnik M.A. (1995) Factors affecting interdiffusion rates in films prepared from latex particles with a surface rich in acid groups and their salts. Macromolecules 28: 2033–2041

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim H.K., Wool R.P. (1983) A theory of healing at a polymer-polymer interface. Macromolecules 16: 1115–1120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim K.D., Sperling L.H., Klein A., Wignall G.D. (1993) Characterisation of film formation from direct mini-emulsified polystyrene latex films via SANS Macromolecules 26: 4624–4631

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim K.D., Sperling L.H., Klein A., Hammouda B. (1994) Reptation time, temperature, and cosurfactant effects on the molecular interdiffusion rate during polystyrene latex film formation. Macromolecules 27: 6841–6850

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi M., Rharbi Y., Winnik M.A. (2001) Effect of inorganic pigments on polymer interdiffusion in a low-Tg latex film. Macromolecules 34: 1855–1863.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi M., Rharbi Y., Brauge L., Cao L., Winnik M.A. (2002) Effect of silica as fillers on polymer interdiffusion in poly(butyl methacrylate) latex films. Macromolecules 35: 7387–7399

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu R., Winnik M.A., Di Stefano F., Vanketessan J. (2001) Interdiffusion vs cross-linking rates in isobutoxyacrylamide-containing latex coatings. Macromole-cules 24: 7306–7314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lodge T.P. (1999) Reconciliation of the molecular weight dependence of diffusion and viscosity in entangled polymers. Phys Rev Lett 83: 3218–3221

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLeish T.C.B. (2002) Tube theory of entangled polymer dynamics. Adv. in Phys. 51: 1379–1527

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohammed S., Daniels E.S., Sperling L.H., Klein A., El-Aasser M.S. (1997) Isocyanate-functionalised latexes: Film formation and tensile properties. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 1869–1884

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen T.Q., Kausch H.H., Jud K., Dettenmaier M. (1982) Crack–healing in crosslinked styrene-co-acrylonitrile. Polymer 23: 1305–1310

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oh J.K., Yang J., Tomba J.P., Rademacher J., Farwaha R., Winnik M.A. (2003) Molar mass effect on the rate of polymer diffusion in poly(vinyl acetate-co– butyl acrylate) latex films. Macromolecules 36: 8836–8845

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oh J.K., Tomba P., Ye X., Eley R., Rademacher J., Farwaha R., Winnik M.A. (2003b) Film formation and polymer diffusion in poly(vinyl acetate-co-butyl acrylate) latex films. Temperature dependence. Macromolecules 36: 5804–5814.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papakonstantopoulos G.J., Yoshimoto K., Doxastakis M., Nealey P.F., de Pablo J.J. (2005) Local mechanical properties of polymeric nanocomposites. Phys Rev E. 72: 031801 (6 pages)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pham H.H., Winnik M.A. (2000) Synthesis, characterisation, and stability of carbodiimide groups in carbodiimide–functionalised latex dispersions and films. J Polym Sci: Part A: Pol Chem 38: 855–869

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pham H.H., Farinha J.P.S., Winnik M.A. (2000b) Crosslinking, miscibility, and interface structure in blends of poly(2-ethylhexyl methacrylate) copolymers. An energy transfer study. Macromolecules 33: 5850–5862

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prager S., Tirrell M. (1981) The healing process at polymer-polymer interfaces. J Phys Chem 75: 5194–5198.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rharbi Y., Boué F., Joanicot M., Cabane B. (1996) Deformation of cellular polymeric films. Macromolecules 29: 4346–4359

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell T.P., Deline V.R., Dozier W.D., Felcher G.P., Agrawal G., Wool R.P., Mays J.W. (1993) A direct observation of reptation at polymer interfaces. Nature 365: 235–237

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schnell R., Stamm M., Creton C. (1998) Direct correlation between interfacial width and adhesion in glassy polymers. Macromolecules 31: 2284–2292

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sferrazza M., Xiao C., Jones R.A.L., Bucknall D.G., Webster J., Penfold J. (1997) Evidence for capillary waves at immiscible polymer/polymer interfaces. Phys Rev Lett 78: 3693–3696

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stamm M., Hü ttenbach S., Reiter G., Sprinter T. (1991) Initial stages of polymer interdiffusion studied by neutron reflectometry. Europhys Lett 14: 451–456.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamai T., Pineng P., Winnik M.A. (1999) Effect of cross-linking on polymer diffusion in poly(butyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate) latex films. Macromole-cules 32: 6102–6110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor J.W., Winnik M.A. (2004) Functional latex and thermoset latex films. JCT Research 1(3) 163–190

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tronc F., Liu R., Winnik M.A., Eckersley S.T., Rose G.D., Weishuhn J.M., Meunier D.M. (2002a) Epoxy-functionalised, low-glass-transition-temperature latex. I. Interdiffusion versus crosslinking in the presence of a diamine. J Polym Sci: Pt A: Pol Chem 40: 2609–2625

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tronc F., Chen W., Winnik M.A., Eckersley S.T., Rose G.D., Weishuhn J.M., Meunier D.M. (2002b) Epoxy-functionalised, low-glass-transition-temperature latex. II. Interdiffusion versus crosslinking in the presence of a diamine. J Po-lym Sci: Pt A: Pol Chem 40: 4098–4116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turshatov A., Adams J., Johannsmann D. (2008) Interparticle contact in drying polymer dispersions probed by time resolved fluorescence. Macromolecules 41: 5365–5372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • VoyutskiÄ­ S.S. (1958) Amendments to the papers by Bradford, Brown and co-workers: Concerning mechanism of film formation from high polymer dispersions. J Polym Sci 32: 528–530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • VoyutskiÄ­ S.S., Ustinova Z.M. (1977) Role of autohesion during film formation from latex. J Adhesion 9: 39–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y., Winnik M.A. (1993) Polymer diffusion across interfaces in latex films. J Phys Chem 97:2507–2515

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.G. (1977) Fracture mechanics of polymers. Polym. Engin. Sci. 17:144–149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winnik M.A., Wang Y., Haley F. (1992) Latex formation at the molecular level: The effect of coalescing aids on polymer diffusion. J Coatings Techn 64(811): 51–61

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wool R.P., O'Connor K.M. (1982) Time dependence of crack healing. J Polym Sci: Pol Lett Ed 20: 7–16

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu J., Tomba J.P., Winnik M.A., Farwaha R., Rademacher J. (2004a) Effect of gel content on polymer diffusion in poly(vinyl acetate–co–dibutyl maleate) latex films. Macromolecules 37: 4247–4253.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu J., Tomba J.P., Winnik M.A., Farwaha R., Rademacher J. (2004b) Temperature dependence of polymer diffusion in poly(vinyl acetate–co–dibutyl maleate) latex films. Macromolecules 37: 2299–2306.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoo J.N., Sperling L.H., Glinka C.J., Klein A. (1990) Characterisation of film formation from polystyrene latex particles via SANS 1. Moderate molecular weight. Macromolecules 23: 3962–3967

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoo J.N., Sperling L.H., Glinka C.J., Klein A. (1991) Characterisation of film formation from polystyrene latex particles via SANS 2. High molecular weight. Macromolecules 24: 2868–2876

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoo S., Harelle L., Daniels E.S., El–Aasser M.S., Klein (1995) Interfacial aspects of strength development in poly(methyl methacrylate)–based latex systems. JAppl Polym Sci 58: 367–374

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H.Z., Wool R.P. (1989) Concentration profile for a polymer—polymer interface. 1. Identical chemical composition and molecular weight. Macro-; molecules 22: 3018–3021

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zosel A., Heckmann W., Ley G., Mächtle W. (1990) Influence of chemical heterogeneity on structure and properties of emulsion copolymers. Makromol Chem Macromol Sym 35/36: 423–446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zozel A., Ley G. (1993) Influence of crosslinking on structure, mechanical properties and strength of latex films. Macromolecules 26: 2222–2227

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Canopus Academic Publishing Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Keddie, J.L., Routh, A.F. (2010). Molecular Diffusion Across Particle Boundaries. In: Fundamentals of Latex Film Formation. Springer Laboratory. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2845-7_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics