Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Women, Work, and War

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Women, Migration, and Conflict

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the livelihoods of women displaced by conflict, including those who have sought refuge outside their countries and those displaced within their own countries. The chapter presents the challenges, needs, and opportunities as well as some creative interventions and knowledge gaps that exist in current thinking and practice. The chapter concludes with recommendations for the humanitarian assistance community. Livelihood interventions in the context of displacement are still in their infancy. Little is known about their longer-term impacts, and there has, historically, been little focus on sustainability. This chapter aims to enhance understanding of the issue in order to improve both livelihood policy and practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anselme, M., Avery, A., Sesnan, B., and Wood, G., (2004). Skills training for youth, Forced Migration Review, 20, Sustainable livelihoods: seeds of success? Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell. E. H., Kakusa, J. D., and Musyemi, I., (2006). Congolese Refugee Livelihoods. In Nairobi and the Prospects of Legal, Local Integration, Refugee Survey Quarterly, 25(2), UNHCR: Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chambers, R., and Conway, G., (1991). Sustainable Rural Livelihoods – Practical Concepts for the 21st Century, IDS Discussion Paper 296, Brighton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conway, C., (2003). Refugee Livelihoods: A Case Study in the Gambia, UNHCR, EPAU/2003/02: Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Satgé, R., Holloway, A., Mullins, D., Nchabaleng, L., and Ward, P., (2002) Learning about Livelihoods: Insights from southern Africa, Oxfam UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Vriese, M., (2006, February). Refugee livelihoods: A Review of the Evidence, UNHCR Policy and Evaluation Unit, EPAU/2006/04: Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dick, S., (2002). Responding to Protracted Refugee Situations: A Case Study of Liberian Refugees in Ghana, UNHCR, EPAU/2002/06: Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Bushra, J., (2000, December). Gender and forced migration: editorial, Forced Migration Review, 9, University of Oxford Refugee Studies Centre: Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gale, L. A., (2006). Sustaining Relationships across Borders: Gendered Livelihoods and Mobility among Sierra Leonean Refugees, Refugee Survey Quarterly, 25(2), UNHCR: Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gender Issues in Resettlement, Gender and Development, Asian Development Bank. http://www.adb.org/Documents/Manuals/Gender_Checklists/Resettlement/

  • Golooba-Mutebi, F., (2004 June). Refugee Livelihoods, Confronting Uncertainty and Responding to Adversity: Mozambican War Refugees in Limpopo Province, South Africa, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, New Issues in Refugee research, Working Paper No. 105, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gururaja, S., (2000 December). Gender Dimensions of Displacement, Forced Migration Review, 9, University of Oxford Refugee Studies Centre: Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, R., Diener, K. J., Miller, S., and White, T., (2006). IDP Livelihoods and Personal Security: Case Studies from Colombia and Sudan, Refugee Survey Quarterly, 25(2), UNHCR: Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horst, C., (2006). Refugee Livelihoods: Continuity and Transformations, Refugee Survey Quarterly, 25(2), UNHCR: Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Labour Organization, (2005). Livelihood and Employment Creation: Women’s Entrepreneurship Development in Refugee Contexts, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inter-Agency Standing Committee, (2006 August). Women, Girls, Boys and Men: Different Needs – Equal Opportunities, A Gender handbook for Humanitarian Action, draft for field consultations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Lack of Employment During Displacement Alters Pattern of Sex Roles, Kenya: http://www.internal displacement.org/idmc/website/countries/nsf

  • Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, (2003 February). Internally Displaced Women Face Numerous Difficulties Upon Return, Sri Lanka, http://www.internal displacement.org/ idmc/website/countries.nsf

  • Jacobsen, K., (2005a). Just Enough for the City: Urban Refugees Make their Own Way, World Refugee Survey 2004, U.S. Committee for Refugees: Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen, K., (2002). Livelihoods in Conflict: The Pursuit of Livelihoods by Refugees and the Impact on the Human Security of Host Communities. Expert Working Paper, February 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen, K., (2005b). The Economic Life of Refugees, Kumarian Press, Inc., Bloomfield, CT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen, K., Marshak, A., Ofori-Adjei, A., and Kembabazi, J., (2006). Using Micro enterprise Interventions to Support the Livelihoods of Forcibly Displaced People: The Impact of a Micro-credit Program in IDP Camps in Lira, Northern Uganda, Refugee Survey Quarterly, 25(2), UNHCR: Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, T., (2001). A Beneficiary-Based Evaluation of UNHCR’s Programme in Guinea, West Africa, UNHCR, EPAU/2001/02: Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhlman, T., (2002). Responding to Protracted Refugee Situations: A Case Study of Liberian Refugees in Côte d’Ivoire, UNHCR, EPAU/2002/07: Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lassey, A., Mining: Of Livelihoods, Displacement and Women’s Rights, OneWorld.net http://us.oneworld.net/article/view/72395/1/

  • Lautze, S., (1997). Saving Lives and Livelihoods: The Fundamentals of a Livelihoods Strategy, Feinstein International Famine Center, Tufts University: Medford, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levron, E., (2006). Modes de subsistence des réfugiés en milieu urbain. Etude de cas Guinée, UNHCR, EPAU/2006/03-5: Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMaster, D., (2006). Temporary Protection Visas: Obstructing Refugee Livelihoods, Refugee Survey Quarterly, 25(2), UNHCR: Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macchiavello, M., (2004 May). Livelihood Strategies of Urban Refugees in Kampala, Forced Migration Review, 20, University of Oxford Refugee Studies Centre: Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohlsson, L., ed., Gendered Aspects of Livelihood Conflicts, EDC News, Environmental and Development Challenges, commissioned by the Environmental Policy Division, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. Available at: http://www/edcnews/se/Research/Gender-LivelihoodConfl.html

  • Stigter, E., (2006). Afghan Migratory Strategies – An Assessment of Repatriation and Sustainable Return in Response to the Convention Plus, Refugee Survey Quarterly, 25(2), UNHCR: Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stites E., Lautze S., Maurana D., and Anic A., (2005). Coping with War, Coping with Peace: Livelihood Adaptation in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1989–2004, Feinstein Famine Center Paper, Tufts University: Medford, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, D., (2005 June). Refugee Livelihoods, Enhancing Livelihood Security Among Mauritanian Refugees: Northern Senegal: A Case Study, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit: Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Population Fund, (2006). State of the World Population 2006, A Passage to Hope: Women and International Migration, United Nations Population Fund: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations High Commission for Refugees, (2004, June 10). Protracted Refugee Situations, Standing Committee, 30th Meeting, EC/54/SC/CPR.14: Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women, (2005). 2004 World Survey on the Role of Women in Development, United Nations: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women, (2003 December 2–4). Consultative Meeting on ‘Migration and Mobility and How This Movement Affects Women’, Malmo, Sweden, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/meetings/consult/Sweden03.htm

  • Senior Inter Agency Network on Internal Displacement Mission to Afghanistan, (2001 April 18–25). Findings and Recommendations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sperl, S., (2001). Evaluation of UNHCR’s Policy on Refugees in Urban Areas: A Case Study Review of Cairo, UNHCR, EPAU/2001/07: Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Agency for International Development, (2005). Livelihoods and Conflict: A Toolkit for Intervention, U.S. Agency for International Development, Office of Conflict Management and Mitigation: Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willems, R., (2003). The Refugee Experience: Forced Migration and Social Networks in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ph.D. Dissertation, Graduate School, University of Florida: Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, (2006 September). We Want to Work: Providing Livelihood Opportunities for Refugees in Thailand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, H., Osman, A. M., Aklilu, Y., Dale, R., Badri, B., and Fuddle, A. J. A., (2005 June). Darfur – Livelihoods Under Siege, Feinstein International Famine Center, Tufts University: Medford, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zackariya, F., and Shanmugaratnam, N., (2002). Steeping Out: Women Surviving Amidst Displacement and deprivation in Sri Lanka, Muslim Women’s Research and Action Forum, Colombo, Sri Lanka, http://www.sacw.net/2002/MWRAFDec2002.html

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Women’s Refugee Commission, 122 East 42nd Street, 10168-1289, New York, NY, USA

    Dale Buscher

Authors
  1. Dale Buscher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for the Studies of, Georgetown University, Whitehaven Street 3300, Washington, 20007, U.S.A.

    Susan Forbes Martin

  2. Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Main St. 292, Cambridge, 02139, U.S.A.

    John Tirman

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Buscher, D. (2009). Women, Work, and War. In: Forbes Martin, S., Tirman, J. (eds) Women, Migration, and Conflict. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2825-9_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation