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Bionanocomposites Assembled by “From Bottom to Top” Method

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Nanostructured Materials Preparation via Condensation Ways

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Abstract

Nanobiotechnology is a rapidly increasing research field located at the crosslink of materials science, nanotechnology and molecular biotechnology. Interaction of nanoparticles with biopolymers (proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides) plays very important role in enzyme catalysis, biosorption, biohydrometallurgy, geobiotechnology, etc.). There is a great interest to nanomaterials, which can be used in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications due to their biocompatibility and biodegradation. Functional nanoparticles, covalently bound to biological molecules can be used as nano-carriers in drug delivery, cancer treatment, nano-structured films or scaffolds for medical implants, artificial bones and tissues, etc. In this chapter recent routes including sol-gel and intercalation processes for the bottom-up assembly of bionanocomposites are considered in detail.

Biologic production systems are of special interest due to their effectiveness and flexibility, as environmentally friendly pathways for nanoparticle synthesis. Biogenic nanoparticles often exhibit water-soluble and biocompatible properties, which are essential for many applications. The potential of biological organisms such as plant extracts, bacteria, actinomycetes, algae, yeasts and fungi for biosynthesis of nanoparticles is analysed as promising alternative to the known physical and chemical production methods when their disadvantages could be overcome. Special attention is paid to enzymatic strategy for the synthesis of nanomaterials of different chemical compositions, well-defined shapes and sizes. A number outlooks for applications of bionanocomposites are discussed.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    GAE – equivalent of gallic acid used as a standard phenol compound in spectrophotometric analysis of total concentration of phenols.

  2. 2.

    Flagella – is a surface structure present in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and serving for their motion in liquid medium or on the surface of solid media. Bacterial flagella thickness is 10–20 nm and length 3–5 μm. Basal body in a cellular wall drives exterior semi-rigid protein helix fiber via the body rotation, thus generating hydrodynamic force driving the cell directionally. Basal body of a flagella is a miniature electromotor, due to which bacterial cell is able to develop very high speed, 100 μm/s, i.e. more than 50 lengths of the cell body per second. The driving force takes energy from ionic gradient on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell – transmembrane potential of hydrogen or sodium ions.

  3. 3.

    The general structure of phytochelatin is (γ-Glu-Cys)n-Gly, n = 2–11. In Greek “phyto” means it presents in plants and “chelatin” is its ability to form chelate complexes with many metals including Cd2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Sb3+, Ag+, Ni2+, Hg2+, HAsO4 2−, Cu2+, Sn2+, SeO3 2−, Au+, Bi3+, Te4+, W6+ ions.

  4. 4.

    Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate is frequently naturally occurred co-ferment of some dehydrogenases, ferments, which catalyze oxidizing-reducing reactions in living cells. NADP accepts hydrogen and electrons of oxidized compound and serves a carrier of them.

    figure a

    In chloroplasts of vegetable cells NADP reduces in light reactions of photosynthesis and then supplies with hydrogen synthesis of carbohydrates in dark reactions.

  5. 5.

    SBF is artificial surrounding tissues liquid which contains ions (рН = 7.4, 142 mM Na+, 5 mM K+, 1.5 mM Mg2+, 2.5 mM Ca2+, 125 mM Cl−, 27 mM HCO3 −, 1 mM HPO4 2−, 0.5 mM SO4 2−) in concentrations close to human plasma (in a typical experiment 50 mg of microporous composite was placed in biological activity at 37 °С up to 7 without renewing) [163].

  6. 6.

    Advantage of magnetic liposomes as compared to USPIOs is in that various biomedical functions can be provided by conjugation with biological ligands [349].

  7. 7.

    In the last decade technique of preparation of magnetic microspheres has been developed and optimized, including in situ formation of core-shell structures, different types of emulsion polymerization, linking, etc. Most often low-dimensional magnetic particles are coated during suspension polymerization. However, these particles have a wide distribution by shape and sizes of magnetic fractions. Commercial magnetic microspheres are obtained by deposition of magnetic nanoparticles into porous polymeric latex and insulating them by a polymer layer. Though this method is laborious and time consuming, the obtained nanocomposites have high homogeneity and high saturation magnetization, and they meet biotechnological demands [351–358].

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    Anatolii D. Pomogailo & Gulzhian I. Dzhardimalieva

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Pomogailo, A.D., Dzhardimalieva, G.I. (2014). Bionanocomposites Assembled by “From Bottom to Top” Method. In: Nanostructured Materials Preparation via Condensation Ways. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2567-8_7

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