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The Handbook of Neuropsychiatric Biomarkers, Endophenotypes and Genes pp 135–149Cite as

Endophenotype Strategy in Epilepsy Genetics

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Despite being largely genetically determined, the genes involved in idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE) are mostly unknown. The difficulties in pinpointing the genes for common IGEs lie mainly in their underlying complex inheritance patterns and genetic heterogeneity within phenotype definitions. The different IGE syndromes are distinguished by combinations of absences, myoclonic seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures with characteristic ranges of age-at-onset. Photosensitivity or photoparoxysmal EEG response (PPR) is found in up to 50% of IGE syndromes, including myoclonic epilepsies and absence epilepsies. This increased co-morbidity of PPR with IGE compared to 1.4% in the general population, suggests that PPR may be involved in the predisposition for IGE. Consequently, it has been hypothesized that PPR may constitute a potential endophenotype for IGE, which could be useful to dissect the complexity of the IGEs. The criteria for using PPRs as a valid and useful endophenotype will be discussed, and examples given of its use in genome-wide linkage and association screens in large collections of multiplex PPR families and cases. Endophenotype approaches in epilepsy genetics, such as a PPR or imaging, offer great promise as an alternative or complement to the studies of categorical disease phenotypes.

Keywords

  • Epilepsy
  • photosensitivity
  • photoparox-ysmal response
  • PPR
  • endophenotype
  • genetics

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Fellow. Department of Medical Genetics. University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Genetics and Genome Biology, The Center for Applied Genetics, The Hospital of Sick Children, Toronto, Canada

    Dalila Pinto Ph.D.

  2. Professor Medical Genetics, University of Utrecht; Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands

    Dorothée Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité

  3. Department of Neuroscience, Professor Neuroscience, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy

    Dorothée Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité

  4. Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Dick Lindhout

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  1. Dalila Pinto Ph.D.
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  2. Dorothée Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité
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  3. Dick Lindhout
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Associate Professor of Psychiatry, the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa

    Michael S. Ritsner M.D., Ph.D.

  2. Associate Professor of Psychiatry, the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion, Sha'ar Menashe Mental Health Center, Hadera, Israel

    Michael S. Ritsner M.D., Ph.D.

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Pinto, D., Trenité, D.KN., Lindhout, D. (2009). Endophenotype Strategy in Epilepsy Genetics. In: Ritsner, M.S. (eds) The Handbook of Neuropsychiatric Biomarkers, Endophenotypes and Genes. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2298-1_6

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