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Fratture del rachide

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Book cover Traumatologia scheletrica
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Riassunto

Le cadute accidentali ad alta energia e gli incidenti automobilistici rappresentano la causa più frequente dei traumatismi vertebrali [1]. La maggiore incidenza si riscontra nei maschi, con prevalenza per la fascia d’età compresa tra la seconda e quarta decade [2, 3]. La maggior parte di queste lesioni interessa i tratti cervicale e lombare. Tuttavia, il 15%-20% di esse coinvolge il tratto di passaggio toraco-lombare (T11-L2), mentre il 9%-16% coinvolge il rachide toracico (T1-10) [4]. L’elevata incidenza di lesioni traumatiche in corrispondenza della giunzione toraco-lombare è spiegata dalle seguenti ragioni anatomiche e biomeccaniche:

  1. 1)

    a livello T11-12 si ha il passaggio da una cifosi toracica piuttosto rigida ad una lordosi lombare più mobile;

  2. 2)

    le ultime coste (T11 e T12), essendo flottanti, conferiscono minore stabilità alla giunzione toraco-lombare rispetto al tratto toracico alto e

  3. 3)

    la giunzione toraco-lombare è il punto di transizione da un tratto rachideo (quello toracico) in cui il movimento intervertebrale prevalente è la rotazione, ad un tratto (quello lombare) in cui il movimento più rappresentato è quello di flesso-estensione sagittale. Le faccette articolari toraciche, infatti, sono orientate nel piano coronale limitando la flesso-estensione sagittale e opponendosi alla traslazione antero-posteriore, mentre quelle lombari sono orientate in un piano più sagittale favorendo la flesso-estensione sagittale e limitando la flessione laterale e la rotazione.

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Leone, A. (2016). Fratture del rachide. In: Faletti, C. (eds) Traumatologia scheletrica. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5732-6_23

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5732-6_23

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-5731-9

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