Riassunto
Le cadute accidentali ad alta energia e gli incidenti automobilistici rappresentano la causa più frequente dei traumatismi vertebrali [1]. La maggiore incidenza si riscontra nei maschi, con prevalenza per la fascia d’età compresa tra la seconda e quarta decade [2, 3]. La maggior parte di queste lesioni interessa i tratti cervicale e lombare. Tuttavia, il 15%-20% di esse coinvolge il tratto di passaggio toraco-lombare (T11-L2), mentre il 9%-16% coinvolge il rachide toracico (T1-10) [4]. L’elevata incidenza di lesioni traumatiche in corrispondenza della giunzione toraco-lombare è spiegata dalle seguenti ragioni anatomiche e biomeccaniche:
-
1)
a livello T11-12 si ha il passaggio da una cifosi toracica piuttosto rigida ad una lordosi lombare più mobile;
-
2)
le ultime coste (T11 e T12), essendo flottanti, conferiscono minore stabilità alla giunzione toraco-lombare rispetto al tratto toracico alto e
-
3)
la giunzione toraco-lombare è il punto di transizione da un tratto rachideo (quello toracico) in cui il movimento intervertebrale prevalente è la rotazione, ad un tratto (quello lombare) in cui il movimento più rappresentato è quello di flesso-estensione sagittale. Le faccette articolari toraciche, infatti, sono orientate nel piano coronale limitando la flesso-estensione sagittale e opponendosi alla traslazione antero-posteriore, mentre quelle lombari sono orientate in un piano più sagittale favorendo la flesso-estensione sagittale e limitando la flessione laterale e la rotazione.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Bibliografia
Leucht P, Fischer K, Muhr G, Mueller EJ (2009) Epidemiology of traumatic spine fractures. Injury 40(2): 166–172
Hasler RM, Exadaktylos AK, Bouamra O (2012) Epidemiology and predictors of cervical spine injury in adult major trauma patients: a multicenter cohort study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 72(4):975–981
Konstantinidis A, Talving P, Kobayashi L (2011) Work-related injuries: injury characteristics, survival, and age effect. Am Surg 77(6):702–707
Gertzbein SD (1992) Fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore
Huelke DF, O’Day J, Mendelsohn RA (1981) Cervical injuries suffered in automobile crashes. J Neurosurg 54(3):316–322
Parenteau CS, Viano DC (2014) Spinal fracture-dislocations and spinal cord injuries in motor vehicle crashes. Traffic Inj Prev 15(7): 694–700
Harris JH, Mirvis SE (1996) The Radiology of Acute Cervical Spine Trauma. 3 edn, Baltimora, Williams & Wilkins
Wood KB, Popp CA, Transfeldt EE, Geissele AE (1994) Radiographic evaluation of instability in spondylolisthesis. Spine 19:1697–1703
Leone A, Guglielmi G, Cassar-Pullicino VN, Bonomo L (2007) Lumbar intervertebral instability: a review. Radiology 245: 62–77
Looby S, Flanders A (2011) Spine trauma. Radiol Clin North Am 49(1): 129–163
Dai LY, YaoWF, Cui YM, Zhou Q (2004) Thoracolumbar fractures in patients withmultiple injuries: diagnosis and treatment - a review of 147 cases. J Trauma 56:348–355
Guillot M, Fournier J, Vanneuville G et al (1988) Mechanics of the characteristic geometry of the human spine undergoing vertical pressure. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 55:351–359
Pope MH, Panjabi M (1985) Biomechanical definitions of spinal instability. Spine 10:255–256
Frymoyer JW, Selby DK (1985) Segmental instability: rationale for treatment. Spine 10:280–286
Panjabi MM, Krag MH, White AA 3rd, Southwick WO (1977) Effects of preload on load displacement curves of the lumbar spine. Orthop Clin North Am 8:181–192
White AA III, Panjabi MM (1991) Clinical biomechanics of the spine. 2 edn, Philadelphia, JB Lippincott
Denis F (1983) The three column spine and its significance in the classification of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries. Spine 8:817–831
Hoffman JR, Mower WR, Wolfson AB, Todd KH, Zucker MI (2000) Validity of a set of clinical criteria to rule out injury to the cervical spine in patients with blunt trauma. National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study Group. N Engl J Med 343(2):94–99
Barry B, George G, Oag H, Shafighian B (2006) Fractures of the atlas: can we rely on the NICE guidelines for imaging the cervical spine after head injury? Emerg Med J 23(9): e52
National Institute for Clinical Excellence Selection of patients for imaging of the cervical spine. In: Head injury: triage, assessment, investigation and early management of head injury in infants, children and adults. Clinical Guideline 4. London: NICE, June 2003
Holdsworth FW (1963) Fractures, dislocations, and fracture-dislocations of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg Br 45:6–20
Panjabi MM, White AA 3rd, Johnson RM (1975) Cervical spine mechanics as a function of transection of components. J Biomech 8(5):327–336
Anderson PA, Moore TA, Davis KW et al (2007) Spine Trauma Study Group. Cervical spine injury severity score. Assessment of reliability. J Bone Joint Surg Am 89(5): 1057–1065
Vaccaro AR, Hulbert RJ, Patel AA et al (2007) The subaxial cervical spine injury classification system: a novel approach to recognize the importance of morphology, neurology, and integrity of the disco-ligamentous complex. Spine 32(21):2365–2374
Aarabi B, Walters BC, Dhall SS et al (2013) Subaxial Cervical Spine Injury Classification Systems. Neurosurgery 72(Supplement 2): 170–186
Beatson TR (1963) Fractures and dislocation of the cervical spine. J Bone Joint Surg 45B:21–35
Chung D, Sung JK, Cho DC, Kang DH (2012) Vertebral artery injury in destabilized midcervical spine trauma; predisposing factors and proposed mechanism. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 154(11):2091–2098
Wallace SK, Cohen WA, Stern EJ, Reay DT (1994) Judicial hanging: postmortem radiographic, CT, and MR imaging features with autopsy confirmation. Radiology 193(l):263–267
Levine AM, Edwards CC (1985) The management of traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis. J. Bone Joint Surg Am 67(2): 217–226
Effendi B, Roy D, Cornish B, Dussault RG, Laurin CA (1981) Fractures of the ring of the axis. A classification based on the analysis of 131 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br 63-B(3):319–327
Sherk HH, Howard T (1983) Clinical and pathologic correlations in traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 174:122–126
Francis WR, Fielding JW, Hawkins RJ, PepinJ, HensingerR (1981) Traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 63-B(3):313–318
Fuentes JM, Benezech J, Lussiez B, Vlahovitch B (1986) Fracture-separation of the articular process of the lower cervical spine. Its relation to fracture-dislocation in hyperextension. Rev Chir Orthop Réparatrice Appar Mot 72(6):435–440
Jefferson G (1920) Fracture of the atlas vertebra: report of four cases, and a review of those previously recorded. Br J Surg 7:407–422
Hiratzka JR, Yoo JU, Ko JW et al (2013) Traditional threshold for retropharyngeal soft-tissue swelling is poorly sensitive for the detection of cervical spine injury on computed tomography in adult trauma patients. Spine (Phi-la Pa 1976) 38(4): E211–216
Vermess D, Rojas CA, Shaheen F, Roy P, Martinez CR (2012)Normal pediatric prevertebral soft-tissue thickness on MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 199(1):W130–133
Roaf R (1960) A study of the machanicsof spinal injuries. J Bone Joint Surg 42B:810
Harris JH, Carson GC, Wagner LK( 1994) Radiologic diagnosis of traumatic occipitovertebral dissociation: 1. Normal occipitovertebral relationships on lateral radiographs of supine subjects. AJR 162:881–886
Anderson LD, D’Alonzo RT (1974) Fractures of the odontoid process of the axis. J Bone Joint Surg 56:1663–1674
Selecki BR (1970) Cervical spine and cord injuries. Mechanisms and surgical implications. Med J Aust 1(17):838–840
Mouradian WH, Fietti VG Jr, Cochran GV, Fielding JW, Young J (1978) Fractures of the odontoid: a laboratory and clinical study of mechanisms. Orthop Clin North Am 9(4):985–1001
Davis D, Bohlman H, Walker AE, Fisher R Robinson R (1971)The pathological findings in fatal craniospinal injuries. J Neurosurg 34(5):603–613
Burke JT, Harris JH Jr (1989) Acute injuries of the axis vertebra. Skeletal Radiol 18(5):335–346
Schatzker J, Rorabeck CH, Waddell JP(1971) Fractures of the dens (odontoid process), an analysis of thirty-seven cases. J Bone Joint Surg 53B.392–405
Sinigaglia R, Bundy A, Monterumici DA (2008) Traumatic atlantoaxial rotatory dislocation in adults Chir Narzad-ow Ruchu Ortop Pol 73(2): 149–154
Willauschus WG, Kladny B, Beyer WF, Glyckert K, Arnold H, Scheithauer R(1995) Lesions of the alar ligaments: in vivo and in vitro studies with magnetic resonance imaging. Spine 20:2493–2498
Crook TB, Eynon CA (2005) Traumatic atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation. Emerg Med J 22:671–672
Fielding JW, Hawkins RJ (1977) Atlanto-axial rotatory fixation: fixed rotatory subluxation of the atlanto-axial joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am 59:37–44
Holdsworth FW (1963) Fractures, dislocations, and fracture-dislocations of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg Br 45:6–20
Roy-Camille R, Saillant G (1984) Les traumatismes du rachis sans complication neurologique. Int Orthop 8:155–162
Magerl F, Aebi M, Gertzbein SD, Harms J, Nazarian S (1994) A comprehensive classification of thoracic and lumbar injuries. Eur Spine J 3:184–201
Patel AA, Vaccaro AR (2010) Evaluation of the Thoracolumbar Injury Classification System in Thoracic and Lumbar Spinal Trauma. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 18(2): 63–71
Weitzman G (1971) Treatment of stable thoracolumbar spine compression fractures by early ambulation. Clin Orthop 76:116–122
Chance G (1948) Note on a type of flexion fracture of the spine. Br J Radiol 21452–453
Heinzelmann M, Wanner GA (2008) Thoracolumbar Spinal Injuries. In: Boos N, Aebi M (eds) Spinal disorders fundamentals of diagnosis and treatment. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp. 883–923
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Leone, A. (2016). Fratture del rachide. In: Faletti, C. (eds) Traumatologia scheletrica. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5732-6_23
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5732-6_23
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-5731-9
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-5732-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)