Abstract
As seen in Chap. 2, since the 1970s competition has been increasing on factors such as zero defects, on-time delivery, price and relevant customisation (Piercy and Morgan 1997). This scenario is the opposite of the so-called ‘Mass production’ (Shingo 1989), in which there is a huge demand for products and services that are manufactured with low-cost resources and with poor personalisation and quality. In order to reduce the wastes that increase process lead time and reduce value added for the customers, Taiichi Ohno, past Toyota Production manager and Executive Vice President, invented TPS in the 1960s (Ohno 1988). Toyota has been focusing its efforts on reducing wastes within their manufacturing processes and increasing value added inside all the flow from suppliers to customers. Ohno (1988) identified seven types of manufacturing waste in order to improve processes and ‘speed the flow’:
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Chiarini, A. (2012). Lean Thinking. In: From Total Quality Control to Lean Six Sigma. SpringerBriefs in Business. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2658-2_9
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