Skip to main content
Book cover

Vitamin C pp 73–85Cite as

Vitamin C and Infectious Diseases

  • Conference paper

Abstract

Early in this century several authors suggested that vitamin C intake may have beneficial effects on the incidence and severity of various infections. Two exhaustive bibliographical searches of the old literature on vitamin C and infections have been published. One of them was overenthusiastic [1] in its interpretation of the findings, whereas the other was overly pessimistic [2]; neither offered any statistical analysis of the available data. However, a quantitative analysis of controlled studies has been published recently [3]. The mechanisms whereby vitamin C affects the immune system are poorly understood, although there are reports indicating that it affects the functions of phagocytes, the proliferation of T lymphocytes, the production of interferon, and the replication of viruses [3–5].

Keywords

  • Chronic Granulomatous Disease
  • Rheumatic Fever
  • Common Cold
  • Posttransfusion Hepatitis
  • Recurrent Herpes Labialis

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-88-470-2244-7_8
  • Chapter length: 13 pages
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • ISBN: 978-88-470-2244-7
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
Softcover Book
USD   109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Stone I (1972) The healing factor: vitamin C against disease. Grosset and Dunlap, New York

    Google Scholar 

  2. Briggs M (1984) Vitamin C and infectious disease. In: Briggs MH (ed) Recent vitamin research. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 39–81

    Google Scholar 

  3. Hemilä H (1997) Vitamin C and infectious diseases. In: Packer L, Fuchs J (eds) Vitamin C in health and disease. Dekker, New York, pp 471–503

    Google Scholar 

  4. Cunningham-Rundles WF, Berner Y, Cunningham-Rundles S (1993) Interaction of vitamin C in lymphocyte activation: current status and possible mechanisms of action. In: Cunningham-Rundles S (ed) Nutrient modulation of the immune response. Dekker, New York, pp 91–103

    Google Scholar 

  5. Jariwalla RJ, Harakeh S (1996) Antiviral and immunomodulatory activities of ascorbic acid. Subcell Biochem 25:215–231

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Nishikimi M, Yagi K (1996) Biochemistry and molecular biology of ascorbic acid biosynthesis. Subcell Biochem 25:17–39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Perla D, Marmorston J (1937) Role of vitamin C in resistance. Arch Pathol 23:543–575; 683–712

    Google Scholar 

  8. Leichtentritt B (1924) Der Ablauf der Tuberkulose des Meerschweinchens bei Darreichung von akzessorischen Närhstoffen. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 50:672–673

    Google Scholar 

  9. Nassau E, Scherzer M (1924) Skorbut und Infekt beim Meerschweinchen. Klin Wochenschr 3:314–316

    Google Scholar 

  10. Heymann B (1926) Versuche an Meerschweinchen über die Beziehungen zwischen Skorbut und chronischer Tuberkulose. Klin Wochenschr 5:59–62

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Bieling R (1927) Unterernährung und Infektion. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 53:182–183

    Google Scholar 

  12. Borghi B (1933) Trypanosomiasi ed avitaminosi. Atti Accad Lincei 17:665–671

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Basu NK (1934) Tuberculosis and deficiency of vitamins. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 3:91–93

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Euler H, Malmberg M (1934) Ein Anti-Pneumonie-Faktor in C-Vitamin-haltigen Früchten. Naturwissenschaften 22:205

    Google Scholar 

  15. Rinehart JF (1935) Studies relating vitamin C deficiency to rheumatic fever and rheumatoid arthritis: rheumatic fever. Ann Intern Med 9:586–599

    Google Scholar 

  16. Schultz MP (1936) Cardiovascular and arthritic lesions in guinea-pigs with chronic scurvy and hemolytic streptococcic infections. Arch Pathol 21:472–495

    Google Scholar 

  17. Scoz G, Cattaneo C (1936) Hypovitaminosis C and experimental tuberculosis. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 11:909–911

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Taylor S (1937) Scruvy and carditis. Lancet 1:973–979

    Google Scholar 

  19. Montalti M, Passerini P (1938) Influenza dell’acido ascorbico sulla produzione sperimentale di agglutinine antitifiche. Boll 1st Sieroterap Milan 17:495–503

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ardy C (1939) Vitamina C e potere opsonico del sangue. Pathologica 31:384–388

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Pecorella F (1940) Vitamina C ed anticorpi agglutinati. Boll 1st Sieroterap Milan 19:9–14

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Jusatz HJ (1939) Ueber den Einfluss von Vitamin C auf Immunitätsvorgänge. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 9:75–95

    Google Scholar 

  23. Vasile B (1940) Influenza della vitamina C in forti dosi nella infezione sperimentale da bacterium coli. Boll Ist Sieroterap Milan 19:44–47

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kleimenhagen P (1941) Ueber den Einfluss von Vitamin C auf tuberkulös infizierte Meerschweinchen. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 11:209–227

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Jones CM, Bartlett MK, Ryan AE, Drummey GD (1943) The effect of sulfanilamide powder on the healing of sterile and infected wounds. N Engl J Med 229:642–646

    Google Scholar 

  26. Meyer E, Meyer MB (1944) The pathology of Staphylococcus abscesses in vitamin C-deficent guinea pigs. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 74:98–117

    Google Scholar 

  27. Nigro T (1945) Complesso vitaminico C e difesa umorale. Pathologica 37:29–34

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Barilli L, Paradiso M, Moggi P (1952) L’azione della vitamina C sul Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Riv Clin Pediatr 50:334–338

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Bank S (1975) Prevention of rabies by vitamin C. Nature 258:153–154

    Google Scholar 

  30. Bank S (1977) Prophylactic effect of vitamin C on the incidence of rabies in guinea pigs inoculated with fixed rabies virus. Int J Vitam Nutr Res [Suppl 16]:235–244

    Google Scholar 

  31. Goldschmidt MC, Masin WJ, Brown LR, Wyde PR (1988) The effect of ascorbic acid deficiency on leukocyte phagocytosis and killing of Actinomyces viscosus. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 58:326–334

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Sabin AB (1939) Vitamin C in relation to experimental poliomyelitis with incidental observations on certain manifestations in Macacus rhesus monkeys on a scorbutic diet. J Exp Med 69:507–515

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Murphy BL, Krushak DH, Maynard JE, Bradley DW (1974) Ascorbic acid and its effects on parainfluenza type III virus infection in cotton-topped marmosets. Lab Anim Sci 24:229–232

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Locke A, Locke RB, Bragdon RJ, Mellon RR (1937) Fitness, sulfanilamide and pneu-mococcus infection in the rabbit. Science 86:228–229

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Messina L, Verga G (1937) L’azione dell’acido ascorbico sulla fagocitosi in vitro. Giorn Batteriol Immunol 19:850–855

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Cattaneo C, Morellini M (1939) Reazioni immunitarie e sostanze riducenti. Boll Ist Sieroterap Milan 18:52–56

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Büsing KH (1939) Vitamin C als Heilmittel gegen Infektionen. München Med Wschr 86:575–579; 822–823

    Google Scholar 

  38. Cosentino G (1939) Acido ascorbico ed ormone cortico-surrenale nel trattamento locale di peritoniti acute sperimentali. Giorn Batteriol Immunol 23:531–550

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Osborn TWB, Gear JHS (1940) Possible relation between ability to synthesize vitamin C and reaction to tubercle bacillus. Nature 145:974

    Google Scholar 

  40. Pauling L (1970) Vitamin C and the common cold. Freeman, San Francisco [German translation: (1972) Vitamin C und der Schnupfen. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim]

    Google Scholar 

  41. Pauling L (1971) The significance of the evidence about ascorbic acid and the common cold. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 68:2678–2681

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Kleijnen J, Riet G, Knipschild PG (1989) Vitamine C en verkoudheid. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 133:1532–1535

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Hemilä H (1997) Vitamin C intake and susceptibility to the common cold. Br J Nutr 77:59–72; 78:861–866

    Google Scholar 

  44. Hemilä H (1996) Vitamin C and common cold incidence: a review of studies with subjects under heavy physical stress. Int J Sports Med 17:379–383

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Bessel-Lorck C (1959) Erkältungsprophylaxe bei Jugendlichen im Skilager. Med Welt(44):2126–2127

    Google Scholar 

  46. Baird IM, Hughes RE, Wilson HK, Davies JEW, Howard AN (1979) The effects of ascorbic acid and flavonoids on the occurrence of symptoms normally associated with the common cold. Am J Clin Nutr 32:1686–1690

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hemilä H (1997) Vitamin C supplementation and the common cold. Was Linus Pauling right or wrong? Int J Vitam Nutr Res 67:329–335

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Hemilä H (1992) Vitamin C and the common cold. Br J Nutr 67:3–16

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Hemilä H (1994) Does vitamin C alleviate the symptoms of the common cold? A review of current evidence. Scand J Infect Dis 26:1–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Douglas RM, Chalker EB, Treacy B (1998) Vitamin C for the common cold. In: Acute respiratory infections module of The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [updated 1 Dec 1997]. Available in The Cochrane Library [database on disk and CDROM]: The Cochrane Collaboration; Issue 1. Oxford: Update Software; (Updated quarterly)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Hemilä H (1998) Vitamin C supplementation and common cold symptoms. Factors affecting the magnitude of the benefit. Med Hypotheses (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  52. Karlowski TR, Chalmers TC, Frenkel LD, Kapikian AZ, Lewis TL, Lynch JM (1975) Ascorbic acid for the common cold. JAMA 231:1038–1042

    Google Scholar 

  53. Hemilä H (1996) Vitamin C, the placebo effect, and the common cold: a case study of how preconceptions influence the analysis of results. J Clin Epidemiol 49:1079–1084, 1087

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Asfora J (1977) Vitamin C in high doses in the treatment of the common cold. Int J Vitam Nutr Res [Suppl 16]:219–234

    Google Scholar 

  55. Szent-Györgyi A (1978) How new understandings about the biological function of ascorbic acid may profoundly affect our lives. Exec Health 14(8): 1–4

    Google Scholar 

  56. Gander J, Niederberger W (1936) Vitamin C in der Pneumonie-Behandlung. München Med Wochenschr 83:2074–2077

    Google Scholar 

  57. Hochwald A (1936) Beobachtungen über Ascorbinsäurewirkung bei der croupösen Pneumonie. Wien Arch Inn Med 29:353–374

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Bohnholtzer E (1937) Beitrag zur Frage der Pneumoniebehandlung mit vitamin C. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 63:1001–1003

    Google Scholar 

  59. Hochwald A (1937) Vitamin C in der Behandlung der kruppösen Pneumonie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 63:182–184

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Posarelli S (1938) Sul trattamento delle polmoniti con la vitamina C. Policlinico (sezprat) 45:2138–2142

    Google Scholar 

  61. Ravetta M, Rettanni G (1938) Ricerche sulle proprietà terapeutiche della vitamina C. Gazz Ospedali Clin 69:771–786

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Szirmai F (1940) Über den Wert des C-Vitamins in der Behandlung einzelner akuter Infektionskrankheiten. Dtsch Arch Klin Med 85:434–443

    Google Scholar 

  63. Kienner FR (1948) Virus pneumonia and its treatment with vitamin C. South Med Surg 110:36–38,46

    Google Scholar 

  64. Luberoff BJ (1978) Symptomectomy with vitamin C. A chat with Robert Cathcart. Chemtech 8:76–86

    Google Scholar 

  65. Cathcart RF (1981) Vitamin C, titrating to bowel tolerance, anascorbemia, and acute induced scurvy. Med Hypotheses 7:1359–1376

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Hunt C, Chakravorty NK, Annan G, Habibzadeh N, Schorah CJ (1994) The clinical effects of vitamin C supplementation in elderly hospitalised patients with acute respiratory infections. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 64:212–219

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Glazebrook AJ, Thomson S (1942) The administration of vitamin C in a large institution and its effect on general health and resistance to infection. J Hygiene 42:1–19

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Kimbarowski JA, Mokrow NJ (1967) Farbige Ausfällungsreaktion des Harns nach Kimbarowski, als Index der Wirkung von Ascorbinsäure bei Behandlung der Virusgrippe. Dtsch Gesundheitsw 22:2413–2418

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Pitt HA, Costrini AM (1979) Vitamin C prophylaxis in marine recruits. JAMA 241:908–911

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Hemilä H (1997) Vitamin C intake and susceptibility to pneumonia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 16:836–837

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Pauling L (1986) How to live longer and feel better. Freeman, New York [German translation: (1990) Linus Pauling’s Vitamin-Programm: Plädoyer für ein gesundes Leben. Bertelsmann, Munich]

    Google Scholar 

  72. Ritzel G (1961) Kritische Beurteilung des Vitamins C als Prophylacticum und Therapeuticum der Erkältungskrankheiten. Helv Med Acta 28:63–68

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Ritzel G (1976) Ascorbic acid and the common cold. JAMA 235:1108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Terezhalmy GT, Bottomley WK, Pelleu GB (1978) The use of water-soluble bioflavonoid-ascorbic acid complex in the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis. Oral Surg 45:56–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Hasselbach F (1936) Vitamin C und Lungentuberkulose. Z Tuberk 75:336–347

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Albrecht E (1938) Vitamin C als Adjuvans in der Therapie der Lungentuberkulose. Med Klin 34:972–973

    Google Scholar 

  77. Bauer G, Vorwerk W (1938) Beitrag zum Vitamin C-Defizit bei Lungentuberkulösen. Beitr Klin Tuberk 91:262–272

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Hasselbach F (1938) Vitamine und Tuberkulose. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 7:152–173

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Melzer E (1938) Über die Größe des Vitamin C-Defizits und seine therapeutische Bedeutung bei Lungentuberkulose. Dtsch Tuberk Bl 12:290–295

    Google Scholar 

  80. Pilz I (1938) Beeinflussung tuberkulös-exsudativer Schübe durch Vitamin C. Wien Med Wochenschr 88:1091–1093

    Google Scholar 

  81. Scartozzi C (1938) Rapporti tra vitamine e alcuni poteri immunitari. Vitamina C. Giorn Batteriol Immunol 21:902–932

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Trautwein H (1938) Die Ascorbinsäure in der Behandlung der Lungentuberkulose. Beitr Klin Tuberk 91:411–421

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Borsalino G (1937) La fragilità capillare nella tubercolosi polmonare e le sue modi-ficazioni per azione della vitamin C. Giorn Clin Med 18:273–294

    Google Scholar 

  84. Warns EHJ (1938) De invloed van vitamine C op het beloop van been- en gewricht-stubercolose. Ned Tijdschr Geneesk 82:4426–4435

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Baur H, Staub H (1954) Hepatitistherapie mit Ascorbinsäureinfusionen. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 84:595–597

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Kirchmair H (1957) Die Hepatitis epidemica im Kindesalter und ihre Behandlung mit hohen Dosen Ascorbinsäure. Dtsch Gesundheitsw 12:1525–1536

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Baetgen D (1961) Ergebnisse der Behandlung der Hepatitis epidemica im Kindesalter mit hohen Dosen Ascorbinsäure in den Jahren 1957/58. Med Monatsschr 15:30–36

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Calleja HB, Brooks RH (1960) Acute hepatitis treated with high doses of vitamin C. Report of a case. Ohio Med J 56:821–823

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Dalton WL (1962) Massive doses of vitamin C in the treatment of viral diseases. J Indiana Med Assoc 55:1151–1154

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Bank S, Kosak M (1979) Prevention of posttransfusion hepatitis by vitamin C. Int J Vitam Nutr Res [Suppl 19]:41–44

    Google Scholar 

  91. Pauling L (1981) Vitamin C prophylaxis for posttransfusion hepatitis. Am J Clin Nutr 34:1978–1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Patrone F, Dallegri F (1979) Vitamina C e sistema fagocitario: recenti acquisizioni e prospettive. Acta Vitaminol Enzymol 1:5–10

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Rebora A, Crovato F, Dallegri F, Patrone F (1980) Repeated staphylococcal pyoderma in two siblings with defective neutrophil bacterial killing. Dermatologica 160:106–112

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Rebora A, Dallegri F, Patrone F (1980) Neutrophil dysfunction and repeated infections. Br J Dermatol 102:49–56

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Patrone F, Dallegri F, Bonvini E, Minervini F, Sacchetti C (1982) Effects of ascorbic acid on neutrophil function. Studies on normal and chronic granulomatous disease neutrophils. Acta Vitaminol Enzymol 4:163–168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Patrone F, Dallegri F, Bonvini E, Minervini F, Sacchetti C (1982) Disorders of neutrophil function in children with recurrent pyogenic infections. Med Microbiol Immunol 171:113–122

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Colombo ML, Girardo E, Incarbone E, Conti R, Ricci BM, Maina D (1989) Vitamina C in bambini affetti da trisomia 21. Minerva Pediatr 41:189–192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Levy R, Shriker O, Porath A, Riesenberg K, Schlaeffer F (1996) Vitamin C for the treatment of recurrent furunculosis in patients with impaired neutrophil functions. J Infect Dis 173:1502–1505

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Pauling L (1977) Albert Szent-Györgyi and vitamin C. In: Kaminer B (ed) Search and discovery: a tribute to Albert Szent-Györgyi. Academic, New York, pp 43–54

    Google Scholar 

  100. Szent-Györgyi A (1934) Die medizinische Bedeutung des Vitamins C. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 60:556–557

    Google Scholar 

  101. Szent-Györgyi A (1934) Die medizinische und biologische Bedeutung des Vitamins C. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med (46th Congr):426–435

    Google Scholar 

  102. Szent-Györgyi A (1937) Neuere Ausblicke der Vitamintherapie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 63:1789–1791

    Google Scholar 

  103. Szent-Györgyi A (1977) On a substance that can make us sick (if we do not eat it!). Exec Health 13(9):l-6

    Google Scholar 

  104. Chalmers TC (1975) Effects of ascorbic acid on the common cold. Am J Med 58:532–536

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Dykes MHM, Meier P (1975) Ascorbic acid and the common cold. JAMA 231:1073–1079

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Truswell AS (1986) Ascorbic acid. N Engl J Med 315:709 (minireview)

    Google Scholar 

  107. Hemilä H, Herman ZS (1995) Vitamin C and the common cold: a retrospective analysis of Chalmers’ review. J Am Coll Nutr 14:116–123

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Hemilä H (1996) Vitamin C supplementation and common cold symptoms: problems with inaccurate reviews. Nutrition 12:804–809

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Chalmers TC (1996) Dissent to the preceding article by H. Hemilä. J Clin Epidemiol 49:1085

    Google Scholar 

  110. Liberati A (1996) Thomas C Chalmers. Lancet 347:188

    Google Scholar 

  111. Hemilä H (1986) A re-evaluation of nutritional goals — not just deficiency counts. Med Hypotheses 20:17–27

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Herbert V (1993) Does mega-C do more good than harm, or more harm than good? Nutr Today 28(1):28–32

    Google Scholar 

  113. Newmark HL, Scheiner JM, Marcus M, Prabhudesai M (1979) Ascorbic acid and vitamin B12. JAMA 242:2319–2320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Marcus M (1981) Vitamin B12: response to Dr. Herbert. Am J Clin Nutr 34:1622–1624

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Hemilä H (1994) The good and harm of vitamin C. Nutr Today 29(2):49–50

    Google Scholar 

  116. Hanck A (1982) Tolerance and effects of high doses of ascorbic acid. Int J Vitam Nutr Res [Suppl 23]:221–238

    Google Scholar 

  117. Bendich A, Langseth L (1995) The health effects of vitamin C supplementation. J Am Coll Nutr 14:124–136 and 398

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Marinacci B (1995) Linus Pauling in his own words. Simon and Schuster, New York, pp 249–251

    Google Scholar 

  119. Knipschild P (1994) Systematic reviews. Some examples. BMJ 309:719–721

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland

    H. Hemilä

Authors
  1. H. Hemilä
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Milan, Italy

    Rodolfo Paoletti

  2. Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Düsseldorf, Germany

    Helmut Sies

  3. Merck Pharma, Self-Medication International, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany

    Joachim Bug

  4. Ethical Drugs Medical Department, Bracco Spa, Milan, Italy

    Enzo Grossi

  5. Nutrition Foundation of Italy, Milano, Italy

    Andrea Poli

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer-Verlag Italia, Milano

About this paper

Cite this paper

Hemilä, H. (1998). Vitamin C and Infectious Diseases. In: Paoletti, R., Sies, H., Bug, J., Grossi, E., Poli, A. (eds) Vitamin C. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2244-7_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2244-7_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-0027-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-88-470-2244-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive