Riassunto
Il termine “stress” si riferisce di solito a una condizione che tende ad alterare la normale omeostasi attraverso una serie di meccanismi in grado di interferire con la funzionalità cognitiva, l’emotività, il comportamento e la salute fisica. Lo stress assume un significato positivo (eustress o stress fisiologico) nel momento in cui tende ad aumentare la funzionalità di specifici sistemi per affrontare particolari situazioni (coping). Tuttavia un’esposizione prolungata allo stress (distress o stress patologico) che non determina un adattamento favorevole può avere conseguenze patologiche, principalmente, ma non esclusivamente, correlabili ai disturbi dell’umore. La differenza tra eustress e distress è determinata da diversi fattori, ma soprattutto dipende dall’individuo che viene esposto alla condizione “avversa”. Infatti, l’equilibrio tra elementi favorevoli e contrari nella risposta allo stress è fortemente determinato dalle differenze individuali e quindi dall’assetto genetico, dallo stato di salute, dagli stili di vita, ma anche dalle esperienze pregresse, intese come gli eventi a cui l’individuo è stato esposto nel corso della vita, soprattutto durante le prime fasi dello sviluppo. Tutti questi elementi influenzano la capacità di rispondere e adattarsi a una situazione “avversa” e quindi determineranno se l’individuo sarà “resiliente” o “vulnerabile”. La risposta allo stress è determinata dall’integrazione di meccanismi che permettono all’individuo di adattarsi ai cambiamenti dell’ambiente: la perdita di tale capacità ha riscontri importanti dal punto di vista funzionale e può contribuire allo sviluppo di uno stato patologico.
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Calabrese, F., Molteni, R., Riva, M.A. (2012). Stress e depressione: Meccanismi eziopatologici e modulazione farmacologica. In: Stress e disturbi da somatizzazione. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2080-1_20
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