Skip to main content

The Thymus from Antiquity to the Present Day: the History of a Mysterious Gland

  • Chapter

Abstract

The thymus is a lymphatic organ situated in the thorax, known since the 1st century AD. The officinal plant of the same name had been known for several centuries, since the time of the ancient Egyptians who, as it seems, appreciated its therapeutical properties. The name of the gland seems to come from the thyme plant, possibly due to the resemblance — fairly vague, to tell the truth — of the lobes of the gland to the plant leaves (Fig. 1.1).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Jacobs MT, Frush DP, Donnelly LF (1999) The right place at the wrong time: Historical perspective of the relation of the thymus gland and pediatric radiology. Radiology 210:11–16

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Miller JFAP (2002) The discovery of thymus function and of thymus-derived lymphocytes. Immunol Rev 185:7–14

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Kirschner PA (2000) The history of surgery of the thymus gland. Chest Surg Clin N Am 10:153–165

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Mazzini I (2001) Rufo di Efeso. Denominazioni delle parti del corpo. Medicina&Storia 2:81–112

    Google Scholar 

  5. Penso G (1985) La medicina romana. Ciba-Geigy Edizioni, Roma, p 207

    Google Scholar 

  6. Galen (1998) On the usefulness of the parts of the body. May MT (ed), Cornell University Press Ithaca, New York, pp 283–286

    Google Scholar 

  7. Singer CS (1956) Galen on anatomical procedures. Oxford University Press, London, p 250

    Google Scholar 

  8. De Santo NG, Bisaccia C, De Santo LS et al (1999) Berengario da Carpi. Am J Nephrol 19:199–212

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Jacopo Berengario da Carpi (1521) Commentaria super Anatomia Mundini. Bologna

    Google Scholar 

  10. Jacopo Berengario da Carpi (1535) Isagogae breves perlucidae ac uberrime in anatomiam humani corporis. Venezia

    Google Scholar 

  11. Crotti A (1922) The thymus gland. In: Crotti A (ed) Thyroid and thymus. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, pp 607–693

    Google Scholar 

  12. Vesalius A (1950) De humani corporis fabrica. In: Sanders JB, O’Malley CD (eds) Illustrations from the works of Andrea Vesalius of Brussels, book 6. The World Publishing Co., Cleveland and New York

    Google Scholar 

  13. Paré Ambroise (1585) Les oeuvres d’Ambroise Paré, Conseiller et Premier Chirurgien du Roy, divisées in 28 livres avec les figures et portraicts, tant de l’anatomie que des instruments de chirurgie, et de plusieurs monsters, revues et augmenteés par l’autheur. Gabriel Buon, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  14. Plater F (1925) In: Ruräh J (ed) Pediatrics of the past. Paul B Hoeber Inc, New York, pp 237–239

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hewson W (1777) Experimental enquires III. In: Cadell T (ed) Experimental enquires into the properties of the blood. Longman, London, pp 1–223

    Google Scholar 

  16. Gulliver G (1846) The works of William Hewson. Sydenham Society, London

    Google Scholar 

  17. Doyle D (2006) William Hewson (1739–1974): The father of haematology. Br J Haematol 133:375–381

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Cooper AP (1833) The anatomy of the thymus gland. Longmand, Rees, Orme, Green & Brown, London, pp 1–48

    Google Scholar 

  19. Simon J (1845) An essay on the physiology of the thymus gland. Renshaw, London

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hassall AH, Vanarsdale H (1846) Illustrations of the microscopic anatomy of the human body in health and disease. In: Hassall AH (ed) Microscopic anatomy of the human body in health and disease. Wood, London, pp 1–79

    Google Scholar 

  21. Watanabe N, Wang YH, Lee HK et al (2005) Hassall corpuscles instruct dendritic cells to induce CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in human thymus. Nature 436:1181–1185

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kopp JK (1830) Denkwürdigkeiten in der ärztlichen praxis. Hermann, Frankfurt

    Google Scholar 

  23. Debré R, Lelong M (1963) Pediatria. Intermedical S.a.r.l., Roma, p 431

    Google Scholar 

  24. Paltauf A (1889) ùber die beziehung der thymus zum plötzlichen tod. Wien Klin Wochenschr 3:877–881

    Google Scholar 

  25. Paltauf A (1890) Über plötzlichen tod. Wien Klin Wochenschr 3:172–175

    Google Scholar 

  26. Rehn L (1906) Compression from the thymus gland and resultant death. Ann Surg 44:760–768

    Google Scholar 

  27. Musser JH, Kelly AOJ (eds) (1912) A handbook of practical treatment. Saunders, Philadelphia, p 215

    Google Scholar 

  28. Gofman JW (1996) Preventing breast cancer, 2nd edn. Committee on nuclear responsibility, San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  29. Friedländer A (1907) Status lymphaticus and enlargement of the thymus; with report of a case successfully treated by the X-ray. Arch Pediatr 24:490–501

    Google Scholar 

  30. Leonidas JC (1998) The thymus: From past misconception to present recognition. Pediatr Radiol 28:275–282

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Moncrieff A (1937) Enlargement of the thymus in infants with special reference to clinical evidence of so-called status thymo-lymphaticus. Proc R Soc Med 31:537–544

    Google Scholar 

  32. Oestreich AE, William H (1995) Crane of Cincinnati and the first irradiation of the pediatric thymus, 1905. AJR 165:1064–1065

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Caffey J (1945) The mediastinum. In: Caffey J (ed) Pediatric X-ray diagnosis. Year Book, Chicago, pp 344–345

    Google Scholar 

  34. Oppenheim H (1899) Weiterer Beitrag zur Lehre von den Acuten Nicht-Eitrigen Encephalitis und der Polioencephalomyelitis. Deutsche Zeitschr Nervenheil Kande 15:1–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Beard J (1900) The source of leucocytes and the true function of the thymus. Anat Anz 18:550–560

    Google Scholar 

  36. Hughes T (2005) The early history of myasthenia gravis. Neuromuscul Disord 15:878–886

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Kattach H, Anastasiadis K, Cleuziou G et al (2006) Transsternal thymectomy for myasthenia gravis: Surgical outcome. Ann Thorac Surg 81:305–308

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Kirschner PA (1987) Alfred Blalock and thymectomy for myasthenia gravis. Ann Thorac Surg 43:348–349

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Gracey DR, Divertie MB, Howard FM Jr et al (1984) Postoperative respiratory care after transsternal thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. A 3-year experience in 53 patients. Chest 86:67–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Landreneau RJ, Dowling RD, Castillo WM (1992) Thoracoscopic resection of an anterior mediastinal tumor. Ann Thorac Surg 54:142

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Sugarbaker DJ (1993) Thoracoscopy in the management of anterior mediastinal masses. Ann Thorac Surg 56:653–656

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Yoshino I, Hashizume M, Shimada M et al (2001) Thoracoscopic thymomectomy with the Da Vinci computerenhanced surgical system. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 122:783–785

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. August CS, Rosen FS, Filler RM et al (1968) Implantation of a foetal thymus restoring immunological competence in a patient with thymic aplasia (DiGeorge’s) Lancet 2:1210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Cleveland WW, Fogel BJ, Brown WT et al (1968) Foetal thymic transplant in a case of DiGeorge’s syndrome. Lancet 2:1211

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Hong R, Santosham M, Schulte-Wissermann H et al (1976) Reconstitution of B and T lymphocyte function in severe combined immunodeficiency disease after transplantation with thymic epithelium. Lancet 2:1270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hadden JW (1998) Thymic endocrinology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 840:352–358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer-Verlag Italia

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lavini, C. (2008). The Thymus from Antiquity to the Present Day: the History of a Mysterious Gland. In: Lavini, C., Moran, C.A., Morandi, U., Schoenhuber, R. (eds) Thymus Gland Pathology. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0828-1_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0828-1_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-0827-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-88-470-0828-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics