Skip to main content

Estratto

Secondo l’OMS (Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità) e la FIGO (Federazione Internazionale di Ginecologia ed Ostetricia) si definisce pretermine il parto che avviene prima della 37a settimana di gravidanza (oppure prima di 259 giorni), indipendentemente dal peso del neonato. Tale definizione deriva da un’analisi statistica della distribuzione delle età gestazionali alla nascita, calcolate a partire dal primo giorno dell’ultima mestruazione [1].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliografia

  1. World Health Organization (1977) WHO: recommended definitions, terminology and format for statistical tables related to the perinatal period and use of a new certificate for cause of perinatal deaths. Modifications recommended by FIGO as amended October 14, 1976. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 56:247–253

    Google Scholar 

  2. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (1989) Guide to Clinical Preventive Services: An Assessment of the Effectiveness of 169 Interventions. Williams&Wilkins, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  3. Balchin I, Whittaker JC, Steer PJ, Lamont RF (2004) Are reported preterm birth rates reliable? An analysis of interhospital differences in the calculation of the weeks of gestation at delivery and preterm birth rate. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 111:160–163

    Google Scholar 

  4. Goldenberg RL, Davis RO, Cutter GR et al (1989) Prematurity, postdates, and growth retardation: the influence of use of ultrasonography on reported gestational age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160:462–470

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kramer MS, Demissie K, Yang H et al (2000) The contribution of mild and moderate preterm birth to infant mortality. JAMA 284:843–849

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Wood NS, Marlow N, Costeloe K et al (2000) Neurologic and developmental disability after extremely preterm birth.N Engl J Med 343:378–384

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Moutquin JM (2003) Classification and heterogenity of preterm birth. BJOG 110(Suppl 20):30–33

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Ventura SJ et al (2002) Births: Final data for 2001. National Vital Statistics Report 51:1

    Google Scholar 

  9. Patel RR, Steer P, Doyle P et al (2004) Does gestation vary by ethnic group? A London-based study of over 122,000 pregnancies with spontaneous onset of labour. Int J Epidemiol 33:107–113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Farrell PM, Wood RE (1976) Epidemiology of hyaline membrane disease in the United States: analysis of national mortality statistics. Pediatrics 58:167–176

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Allen MC, Alexander GR, Tompkins ME, Hulsey TC (2000) Racial differences in temporal changes in newborn viability and survival by gestational age. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 14:152–158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Steer P (2005) The epidemiology of preterm labour. BJOG 112(Supp11):1–3

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Savitz DA, Blackmore CA, Thorp JM (1991) Epidemiologic characteristics of preterm delivery: etiologic heterogeneity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 164:467–471

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Levene MI, Wild J, Steer P (1992) Higher multiple births and the modern management of infertility in Britain. The British Association of Perinatal Medicine. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 99:607–613

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Lackman F, Capewell V, Richardson B et al (2001) The risks of spontaneous preterm delivery and perinatal mortality in relation to size at birth according to fetal versus neonatal growth standards. Am J Obstet Gynecol 184:946–953

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Shulman CE, Dorman EK (2003) Importance and prevention of malaria in pregnancy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97:30–35

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kulmala T, Vaahtera M, Ndekha M et al (2000) The importance of preterm births for periand neonatal mortality in rural Malawi. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 14:219–226

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Gomez R, Romero R, Edwin SS, David C (1997) Pathogenesis of preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of membranes associated with intraamniotic infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am 11:135–176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Knox IC Jr, Hoerner JK (1950) The role of infection in premature rupture of the membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 59:190–194

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Bobbit JR, Ledger WJ (1977) Unrecognized amnionitis and prematurity: a preliminary report. J Reprod Med 19:8–12

    Google Scholar 

  21. Goldenberg RL, Hauth JC, Andrews WW (2000) Intrauterine infection and preterm delivery. The N Engl J Med 18:1500–1506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Hillier SL, Martins J, Krohn M et al (1988) A case controlstudy of chorioamnionic infection and histologic chorioamnionitis in prematurity. N Engl J Med 319:972–978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Gibbs RS, Romero R, Hillier SL et al (1992) A review of premature birth and subclinical infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 166:1515–1528

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Romero R, Mazor M (1988) Infection and preterm labor. Clin Obstet Gynecol 31:553–584

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Andrews WW, Hauth JC, Goldenberg RL et al (1995) Amniotic fluid interleukin-6: correlation with upper genital tract microbial colonization and gestational age in women delivered after spontaneous labor versus indicated delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173:606–612

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ghidini A, Jenkins CB, Spong CY et al (1997) Elevated amniotic fluid interleukin-6 levels during the early second trimester are associated with greater risk of subsequent preterm delivery. Am J Reprod Immunol 37:227–231

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Wenstrom KD, Andrews WW, Hauth JC et al (1998) Elevated second-trimester amniotic fluid interleukin-6 levels predict preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 178:546–550

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hillier SL, Nugent RP, Eschenbach DA et al (1995) Association between bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery of a low-birth-weight infant. N engl J Med 333:1737–1742

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Vogel I, Thorsen P, Hogan VK et al (2006) The joint effect of vaginal Ureaplasma urealyticum and bacterial vaginosis on adverse pregnancy outcomes. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 85:778–785

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hillier SL, Krohn MA, Cassen E et al (1994) The role of bacterial vaginosis and vaginal bacteria in amniotic fluid infection in women in preterm labor with intact fetal membranes. Clin Infect Dis 20(Suppl 2):S276–S278

    Google Scholar 

  31. Arntzen KJ, Kjollesdal AM, Halgunset J et al (1998) TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and soluble TNF receptors in relation to chorioamnionitis and premature labor. J Perinat Med 26:17–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Dudley DJ (1997) Preterm labor: an intra-uterine inflammatory response syndrome? J Reprod Immunol 36:93–109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Saito S, Kasahara T, Kato Y et al (1993) Elevation of amniotic fluid interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8 and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in term and preterm parturition. Cytokine 5:81–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Tanaka Y, Narahara H, Takai N et al (1998) Interleukin Iβ and interleukin-8 in cervicovaginal fluid during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 79:644–649

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Meis PJ, Goldenberg RL, Mercer B et al (1995) The preterm prediction study: significance of vaginal infections. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173:1231–1235

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Holst E, Goffeng AR, Andersch B (1994) Bacterial vaginosis and vaginal microorganism in idiopathic premature labor and association with pregnancy outcome. J Clin Microbiol 32:176–186

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Leitich H (2005) Secondary predictors of preterm labour. BJOG 112(Supp11):48–50

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Goldenberg RL, Klebanoff M, Carey JC et al (2000) Vaginal fibronectin measurements from 8 to 22 weeks’ gestation and subsequent spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183:469–475

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Honest H, Bachmann LM, Gupta JK et al (2002) Accuracy of cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin test in predicting risk of spontaneous preterm birth: systematic review. BMJ 325:301–310

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Leitich H, Egarter C, Kaider A et al (1999) Cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin as a marker for preterm delivery: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 180:1169–1176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Iams JD, Goldenberg RL, Meis PJ et al (1996) The length of the cervix and the risk of spontaneous premature delivery. N Engl J Med 334:562–572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Goldenberg RL, Iams JD, Mercer BM et al (1998) The Preterm Prediction Study: the value of new vs standard risk factors in predicting early and all spontaneous preterm births. Am J Public Health 88:233–238

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Leitich H, Bodner-Adler B, Brunbauer M et al (2003) Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for preterm delivery: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189:139–147

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Wennerholm UB, Holm B, Mattsby-Baltzer I et al (1998) Interleukin-la,interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in cervico/vaginal secretion for Screening of preterm birth in twin gestation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 77:508–514

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Ramsey PS, Tamura T, Goldenberg RL et al (2002) The Preterm Prediction Study: elevated cervical ferritin levels at 22 to 24 weeks of gestation are associated with spontaneous preterm delivery in asymptomatic women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 186:458–463

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Goldenberg RL, Iams JD, Mercer BM et al (2001) The preterm prediction study: toward a multiple-marker test for spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185:643–651

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. O’Driscol M (1977). Preterm labour. In: Anderson A, Beard R, Brudenall JM, Dunn PM (eds) Proceedings of the Fifth Study Group of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, London, pp 369–370

    Google Scholar 

  48. Gonik B, Creasy RK (1986) Preterm labor: its diagnosis and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 154:3–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Germain AM, Carvajal J, Sanchez M et al (1999) Preterm labor: placental pathology and clinical correlation. Obstet Gynecol 94:284–289

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Jackson GM, Ludmir J, Bader TJ (1992) The accuracy of digital examination and ultrasound in the evaluation of cervical length. Obstet Gynecol 79:214–218

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Macones GA, Segel SY, Stamilio DM et al (1999) Prediction of delivery among women with early preterm labor by means of clinical characteristics alone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 181:1414–1418

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Peaceman AM, Andrews WW, Thorp JM et al (1997) Fetal fibronectin as a predictor of preterm birth in patients with symptoms: a multicentre trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177:13–18

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Crane JMC, Van den Hof M, Armson BA et al (1997) Transvaginal ultrasound in the prediction of preterm delivery: singleton and twin gestations. Obstet Gynecol 90:357–363

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Timor-Tritsch I, Boozarjomehri F, Masakowski Y et al (1996) Can a snapshot sagital view of the cervix by transvaginal ultrasonography predict active preterm labor? Am J Obstet Gynecol 174:990–995

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Burger M, Weber-Rossler T, William M (1997) Measurement of the pregnant cervix by transvaginal sonography: an interobserver study and new standards to improve the interobserver variability. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 9:188–193

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Leitich H, Egarter C, Kaider A et al (1999) Cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin as a marker for preterm delivery: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 180:1169–1176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Di Renzo GC, Roura LC, and the European Association of Perinatal Medicine-Study Group on “Preterm Birth” (2006) Guidelines for the management of spontaneous preterm labor. J Perinat Med 34:359–366

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Towers CV, Bonebrake R, Padilla G; Rumney P (2000) The effect of transport on the rate of severe intraventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight infants. Obstet Gynecol 95:291–295

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Kenyon SL, Taylor DJ, Tarnow-Mordi W for ORACLE Collaborative Group (2001) Broad-spectrum antibiotics for spontaneous preterm labour: the ORACLE II randomized trial. Lancet 357:879–888

    Google Scholar 

  60. King J, Flenady V (2002) Prophylactic antibiotics for inhibiting preterm labour with intact membranes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002

    Google Scholar 

  61. Schrag S, Gorwitz R, Fulz-Butts K, Schuchat A (2002) Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease. Revised guideline fromCDC. MMWR Recomm Rep 51:1–22

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Stan C, Boulvain M, Hirsbrunner-Amagbaly P, Pfister R (2002) Hydration for treatment of preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002

    Google Scholar 

  63. Sosa C, Althabe F, Belizan J, Bergel E (2004) Bed rest in singleton pregnancies for preventing preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004

    Google Scholar 

  64. Niebyl JR, Blake DA, White RD et al (1980) The inhibition of premature labor with indomethacin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 136:1014–1019

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Besinger R, Niebyl D, Keyes WG, Johnson TR (1991) Randomized comparative trial of indomethadn and ritodrine for the long-term treatment of preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 164:981–986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Vermillion ST, Landen CN (2001) Prostaglandin inhibitors as tocolytic agents. Semin Perinatol 25:256–262

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Norton ME, Merrill J, Cooper BA et al (1993) Neonatal complications after the administration of indomethadn for preterm labor. N Engl J Med 329:1602–1607

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Iannucci TA, Besinger RE, Fisher SG et al (1996) Effect of dual tocolysis on the incidence of severe intraventricular hemorrhage among extremely low-birth-weight infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175:1043–1046

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Kirshon B, Moise KJ, Mari G, Willis R (1991) Long-term indomethadn therapy decreased fetal urine output and results in oligohydramnios. Am J Perinatol 8:86–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Tsatsaris V, Papatsonis D, Goffinet F et al (2001) Tocolysis with nifedipine or beta-adrenergic agonists: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 97:840–847

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Mari G, Kirshon B, Moise KJ et al (1989) Doppler assessment of the fetal and uteroplacental circulation during nifedipine therapy for preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 161:1514–1518

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Canadian Preterm Labor Investigators Goup (1992) The treatment of preterm labor with beta-adrenergic agonist ritodrine. N Engl J Med 327:308–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Gyetvai K, Hannah ME, Hodnett ED, Ohlsson A (1999) Tocolytics for preterm labor: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 94:869–877

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Anotayanonth S, Subhedar NV, Garner P et al (2004) Betamimetics for inhibiting preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4

    Google Scholar 

  75. Romero R, Sibai BM, Sanchez-Ramos L et al (2000) An oxytocin receptor antagonist (atosiban) in the treatment of preterm labor: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial with tocolytic rescue. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182:1173–1183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Moutquin JM, Sherman D, Cohen H et al (2000) Doubleblind, randomized, controlled trial of atosiban and ritodrine in the treatment of preterm labor: a multicenter effectiveness and safety study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182:1191-1199

    Google Scholar 

  77. Macones GA, Berlin M, Berlin JA (1995) Efficacy of oral beta-agonist maintenance therapy in preterm labor: a metaanalysis. Obstet Gynecol 85:313–317

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Crowther CA, Moore V (2001) Magnesium for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001

    Google Scholar 

  79. Valenzuela GJ, Sanchez-Ramos L, Romero R et al (2000) Maintenance treatment of preterm labor with the oxytocin antagonist atosiban. The Atosiban PTL-098 Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182:1184–1190

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Sanchez-Ramos L, Kaunitz AM, Gaudier FL, Delke I (1999) Efficacy of maintenance therapy after acute tocolysis: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 181:484–490

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer-Verlag Italia

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Maruotti, G.M., Agangi, A., Mazzarelli, L.L., Martinelli, P. (2008). Parto pretermine. In: Medicina dell’età prenatale. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0688-1_26

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0688-1_26

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-0687-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-88-470-0688-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics