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Practices and Perspectives in Sustainable Bioenergy pp 105–129Cite as

Oleaginous Lipid: A Drive to Synthesize and Utilize as Biodiesel

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Abstract

Turmoil of petroleum oil prices, energy, and environmental security, and its finite sources has made biodiesel a more attractive renewable fuel. Biodiesel, a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) is conventionally derived from either vegetable oils or animal fats. However, using these conventional sources has raised food security concerns and their succinct supply can serve only for a small fraction of existing demand for transport fuels. Furthermore, the cost and acreages needed for the production of vegetable oils has impeded its use as a feedstock and necessitated to look for an alternative feedstock. Recently, much emphasis has been laid on oleaginous microorganisms for their ability to synthesize lipids under stress conditions. In comparison to vegetable oils, microbial oils have many dividends, such as short life cycle, less industrious, less land requirement, independent of season and climate, and easier to scale-up. This chapter attempts to focus light on recent research on oleaginous yeast, mold, bacteria, and microalgae as prospective oil resources for biodiesel production in the near future. In addition, the biochemistry of lipid accumulation, lipid enhancement via biochemical, metabolic and transcription factor engineering approaches, and fermentation processes have been discussed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India

    S. P. Jeevan Kumar, Anamika Gupta & Rintu Banerjee

  2. Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India

    Althuri Avanthi & Anjani Devi Chintagunta

Authors
  1. S. P. Jeevan Kumar
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  2. Althuri Avanthi
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  3. Anjani Devi Chintagunta
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  4. Anamika Gupta
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  5. Rintu Banerjee
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Correspondence to Rintu Banerjee .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA

    Madhumi Mitra

  2. Department of Engineering and Aviation Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA

    Abhijit Nagchaudhuri

Questions

Questions

  1. 1.

    Describe different types of reactor configurations possible for effective lipid fermentation?

  2. 2.

    Enumerate the factors responsible for an effective design of a bioreactor for improved lipid production?

  3. 3.

    What is meant by oleaginicity? Mention the advantages of yeasts/molds over other microbes?

  4. 4.

    Describe the biochemistry of lipid accumulation in oleaginous microorganisms?

  5. 5.

    What is genetic engineering? How can it enhance lipid accumulation in oleaginous microbes?

Glossary

Acetyl-CoA

Acetyl coenzyme A is the thioester between coenzyme A and acetic acid. It is formed by pyruvate decarboxylation in cellular respiration process

Acetyl-CoA citrate Lyase

Acetyl-CoA citrate Lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of citrate to Acetyl-CoA

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is an enzyme which catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA

Biodiesel

Chemically it is defined as “fatty acid methyl esters” derived either from plant oils, animal fats or from microbial lipids

Batch Fermentation

Batch fermentation process refers to the process that starts with the inoculation and end with the retrieval of the product happens inside a single fermenter with no intermediate steps

Continuous Fermentation

Sterile nutrient solution is added to the bioreactor continuously and an equivalent amount of converted nutrient solution with microorganisms is simultaneously removed from the system

C/N ratio

Carbon to nitrogen is a ratio of the mass of carbon to the mass of nitrogen in a substance. C/N ratio is the indicators for nitrogen deficiency in the fermented broth

Fatty Acid Synthetase (FAS)

Fatty acid synthetase is a multienzyme system which is responsible for the de novo synthesis of fatty acids

Fed-batch Fermentation

A biotechnological process when one or more nutrients are fed to the bioreactor while cultivation and the products remain in the bioreactor until the end

Glycerol-3-Phosphate

Glycerol-3-Phosphate is the major component in glycerol phospholipids formed by the reaction catalyzed by glycerol kinase

Lipoid

Lipid bodies formed in the form of inclusions of poly (hydroxyalkanoic acid) (PHA) in prokaryotes

Lysophosphatidic acid

Lysophosphatidic acid is the intermediate in the triacylglycerols synthesis which is formed by the addition of first acyl group to glycerol-3-phosphate

Malonyl Co-A

Malonyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of malonic acid which plays a key role in chain elongation in fatty acid biosynthesis

Phosphatidic Acid

Phosphatidic acids are the simplest diacyl-glycerophospholipids which are major constituent of phospholipids

Saturated Fatty Acid

Saturated fatty acids are fatty acid which is devoid of double bonds in the fatty acid chain

Transesterification

Transesterification is used to describe where an ester is transformed into another through interchange of the alkoxy moiety

Triacylglycerols (TAGs)

Triacylglycerol is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Unsaturated fatty acids are fatty acid which possesses at least one or more double bonds in the fatty acid chain

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Jeevan Kumar, S.P., Avanthi, A., Chintagunta, A.D., Gupta, A., Banerjee, R. (2020). Oleaginous Lipid: A Drive to Synthesize and Utilize as Biodiesel. In: Mitra, M., Nagchaudhuri, A. (eds) Practices and Perspectives in Sustainable Bioenergy. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3965-9_6

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