Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diagnosis and Prognosis of Salt-Affected Soils and Poor-Quality Waters Using Remote Sensing and Proximal Techniques

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Innovative Saline Agriculture

Abstract

Salinisation of soil and water resources has emerged as a major environmental predicament adversely impacting sustainability of agriculture and crop productivity in arid and semiarid regions. Diagnosis and prognosis of salinity is a challenging task due to extreme variability in space and time necessitating the application and use of smart modern tools and techniques for providing information on extent and spatial distribution of salt-affected land and water. Satellite remote sensing has been successfully used to diagnose and map moderate to heavy salt encrustation on bare soils and directly or indirectly through crop/vegetation growth patterns. Attempts have been made to resolve light-surface salt encrustation with crop cover and root-zone salinity as well as deeper groundwater salinisation using airborne remote sensing and proximal sensing-based geophysical tools. An integrated methodology combining proximal and remote-sensing data has provided the best solution for diagnosing various levels of salinisation of land and water. More recently data from aerial photographs, UAVs, airborne electromagnetic survey, satellite-based multispectral, hyperspectral and microwave, ground-penetrating radar and electromagnetic induction and geo-electrical resistivity devices along with improved data processing techniques in GIS have enhanced the capability for accurate identification and diagnosis of salty land and water. Nonetheless ground truth and laboratory analysis remain essentially and integrally important to achieve accuracy in providing a prognosis for management for sustainability of agricultural land and groundwater.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahmed I, Andrianasolo HH (1997) Comparative assessment of multisensor data for suitability in study of the soil salinity using remote sensing and GIS in the Fordwah Irrigation Division. IEEE international conference on geoscience and remote sensing, Singapore, 3–8 Aug 1997, pp 1627–1629

    Google Scholar 

  • Aldabaa AAA, Weindorf DC, Chakraborty S, Sharma A, Li B (2015) Combination of proximal and remote sensing methods for rapid soil salinity quantification. Geoderma 239–240:34–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Sefry SA, Sen Z (2006) Groundwater rise problem and risk evaluation in major cities of arid Lands-Jeddah case in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Water Resour Manag 20:91–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aly Z, Bonn FJ, Magagi R (2007) Analysis of the backscattering coefficient of salt affected soils using modeling and RADARSAT-1 SAR data. Geosci Remote Sens IEEE Trans 45(2):332–341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amacher J K, Koenig R, Kitchen B (2000) Salinity and plant tolerance. Archived USU Extension Publications at Digital Commons. USU Paper 43

    Google Scholar 

  • Amezketa E (2006) A mobile and geo-referenced electromagnetic sensing system to assess soil salinization at special and temporal scales in irrigated fields. Geophysical Research Abstracts, vol 8, 01996, © European Geosciences Union 2006, pp 2

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannari A, Guedona AM, El-Hartib A, Cherkaouic FZ, El-Ghmari A (2008) Characterization of slightly and moderately saline and sodic soils in irrigated agricultural land using simulated data of advanced land imaging (EO-1) sensor. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 39(19–20):2795–2811

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker RD, Moore J (1998) The application of time-lapse electrical tomography in groundwater studies. Lead Edge 17:1454–1458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes EM, Sudduth KA, Hummel JW, Lesch SM, Corwin DL, Yang C, Daughtry CST, Bausch WC (2003) Remote and ground-based sensor techniques to map soil properties. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens 69(6):619–630

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell D, Menges C, Ahmad W, Van Zyl JJ (2001) The application of dielectric retrieval algorithms for mapping soil salinity in a tropical coastal environment using airborne polarimetric SAR. Rem Sens Environ 75:375–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bieganowski A (2003) Simultaneous measurement of oxygen flux and salinity of the water saturated mineral soils. Int Agrophy 17:93–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Binley A, Winship P, West LJ, Pokar M, Middleton R (2002) Seasonal variation of moisture content in unsaturated sandstone inferred from borehole radar and resistivity profiles. J Hydrol 267:160–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bundela DS (2012) Monitoring of waterlogging and soil salinization in canal irrigation commands. In: Proceedings of national seminar on ‘Modernization and monitoring of irrigated commands, 21–22 Nov 2012, JNKVV, Jabalpur, pp 11–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Bundela DS, Gupta SK, Sarangi A, Lohani AK, Sethi Madhurama, Meena RL, Chinchmalatpure AR, Tripathi RS, Yaduvanshi NPS, Singh DK, Kalra BS, Goel MK, Sharma DK (2014) Decision support system for enhancing productivity in irrigated saline environment using remote sensing, modelling and GIS. Final report, NAIP Sub-project (Component-1), CSSRI, Karnal, p 75

    Google Scholar 

  • Carcione J, Ge’zaSeriani M, Gei D (2003) Acoustic and electromagnetic properties of soils saturated with salt water and NAPL. J App Geophys 52:177–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castiglione PP, Shouse J, Wraith JM (2006) Multiplexer-induced interference on TDR measurements of electrical conductivity. Soil Sci Soc Am J 70:1453–1458

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CGG (2010) Groundwater resource potential in Orissa, India using TEMPEST airborne EM data. CGG. www.cgg.com

  • CGWB (1997) Inland groundwater salinity in India. Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Faridabad, p 62

    Google Scholar 

  • CGWB (2014) National aquifer mapping and management. Central Ground Water Board, Faridabad. http://cgwb.gov.in/Aquifer-mapping.html. 10 May 2015

  • Chakraborty M, Panigrahy S, Rajawat AS, Kumar R, Murthy TVR, Haldar D, Chakraborty A, Kumar T, Rode S, Kumar H, Mahapatra M, Kundu S (2013) Initial results using RISAT-1 C-band SAR data. Curr Sci 104(4):491–501

    Google Scholar 

  • Chanzy A, Tarussov A, Judge A, Bonn F (1996) Soil water content determination using digital ground penetrating radar. Soil Sci Soc Am J 60:1318–1326

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chhabra R (2005) Classification of salt-affected soils. Arid Land Res Manag 19:61–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury A, Jha MK, Machiwal D (2003) Application of remote sensing and GIS in groundwater studies: an overview. Proceedings of the international conference on Water & Environment (WE-2003), ground water pollution, 15–18 Dec 2003, Madhya Pradesh, pp 39–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Corwin DL (1989) Delineating areas of salinity development on irrigated agricultural land using ARC/INFO. In: Proceedings of the ninth annual ESRI user’s conference (Palm Springs, 22–26 May 1989), ESRI, Redlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Corwin DL, Lesch SM (2005) Characterizing soil spatial variability with apparent soil electrical conductivity. Comput Electron Agric Arch 46(1–3):135–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corwin DL, Rhoades JD and Vaughan PJ (1996) GIS applications to the basin-scale assessment of soil salinity and salt-loading to the groundwater. In: Corwin DL, Loague K (eds) Applications of GIS to the modeling on non-point source pollutants in the Vadose Zone. SSSA Special Publication No. 48. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, pp 295-313

    Google Scholar 

  • Corwin DL, Vaughan PJ, Loague K (1997) Modeling nonpoint source pollutants in the vadose zone with GIS. Environ Sci Technol 31(8):2157–2175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corwin DL, Carrillo MLK, Vaughan PJ, Rhoades JD, Cone DG (1999) Evaluation of GIS-linked model of salt loading to groundwater. J Environ Qual 28:471–480

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cresswell RG, Dent DL, Jones GL, Galloway DS (2004) Three-dimensional mapping of salt stores in the southeast Murray–Darling Basin, Australia: 1. Steps in calibration of airborne electromagnetic surveys. Soil Use Manag 20:133–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daily W, Ramirez A, LaBrecque D, Nitao J (1992) Electrical resistivity tomography of vadose water movement. Water Resour Res 28(5):1429–1442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalton FN, Van Genuchten MT (1986) The time-domain reflectometry method for measuring soil water content and salinity. Geoderma 38:237–250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalton FN, Herkelrath WN, Rawlins DS, Rhoades JD (1984) Time domain reflectometry: simultaneous measurement of soil probe. Soil Sci Soc Am J 67:494–496

    Google Scholar 

  • Dehaan RL, Taylor GR (2001) Mapping irrigation-induced salinity with hyperspectral imagery. International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS ’01. Proceedings, pp 293–295. IEEE International

    Google Scholar 

  • Dehaan R, Taylor GR (2003) Image-derived spectral end members as indicators of salinization. Int J Remote Sens 24(4):775–794

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dehni A, Lounis M (2013) Remote sensing techniques for salt affected soil mapping: application to the Oran Region of Algeria. Proc Eng 33:188–19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Del Valle HF, Blanco PD, Sione W, Rostagno CM, Elissalde N (2009) Assessment of salt affected soils using multisensory radar data-a case study from Northeastern Patagonia (Argentina). In: Metternicht G, AZinck J (eds) Remote sensing of soil salinization: impact on land management. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 155–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Deus N, Elbracht J (2014) 3D-modelling of the salt-/fresh water interface in coastal aquifers of Lower Saxony (Germany) based on airborne electromagnetic measurements (HEM). In: Proceedings of the 23rd salt water intrusion meeting, Husum

    Google Scholar 

  • Dongryeol R (2003) Microwave emission of high-saline soils. Lecture at Merit Melbourne Engineering Research Institute, Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  • Doolittle JA, Collins ME (1995) Use of soil information to determine application of ground penetrating radar. J Appl Geophys 33:101–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Douaoui AE, Nicolasb KH, Walter C (2005) Detecting salinity hazards within a semiarid context by means of combining soil and remote-sensing data. Geoderma 134(1–2):217–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Du S, Rumme IP (1994) Reconnaissance studies of moisture in the subsurface with GPR. In: Proceedings of the fifth international conference on ground penetrating radar, edited by M T van Genuchten, FJ Leij and L Wu, Waterloo Center for Groundwater Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, pp 1241–1248

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubey OP, Sharma DC (2002) Integrated remote sensing and factor analytic GIS model for evaluating groundwater pollution potential. www.GISdevelopment.net

  • Dubois PC, Van Zyl JJ, Engman T (1995) Measuring soil moisture with imaging radars. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 33(4):915–926

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dwivedi RS (2001) Soil resources mapping: a remote sensing perspective. Remote Sens Rev 20(2):89–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dwivedi RS (2002) Spatio-temporal characterization of soil degradation. Trop Ecol 43:75–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwivedi RS, Sreenivas K, Ramana KV (1999) Inventory of salt-affected soils and waterlogged areas: a remote sensing approach. Int J Remote Sens 20:1589–1599

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dwivedi RS, Ramana KV, Thammappa SS (2001) The utility of IRS-1C LISS-III and PAN-merged data for mapping salt-affected soils. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens 67:1167–1175

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwivedi RS, Kothapalli RV, Singh AN (2008) Generation of farm level information on salt-affected soils using IKONOS-II multispectral data. In: Metternicht G, Zinck JA (eds) Remote sensing of soil salinization: impact on land management. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Elbeih SF (2015) An overview of integrated remote sensing and GIS for groundwater mapping in Egypt. Ain Shams Eng J 6:1–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eldeiry A, Garcia LA (2008) Detecting soil salinity in alfalfa fields using spatial modeling and remote sensing. Soil Sci Soc Am J 72(1):201–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elhaddad A, Garcia L (2006) Detecting soil salinity levels in agricultural lands using satellite imagery. Proceedings of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Annual Conference, Reno

    Google Scholar 

  • Elnaggar AA, Noller JS (2009) Application of remote sensing data and decision-tree analysis to mapping salt affected soils over large areas. Remote Sens 2(1):151–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engman ET (1991) Applications of microwave remote sensing of soil moisture for water resources and agriculture. Remote Sens Environ 35:213–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engman ET, Gurney RJ (1991) Remote sensing in hydrology, vol xiv, Remote Sensing Applications Series. Chapman & Hall, London, + 225 pp

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Evans DL, Farr TG, Van Zyl JJ (1992) Estimates of surface roughness derived from SAR data. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 30:370–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eynard A, Lal R, Wiebe KD (2006) Salt-affected soils. In: Lal R (ed) Encyclopedia of soil science, 2nd edn. Taylor and Francis, Abingdon, pp 1538–1541

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (1984) Prognosis of salinity and alkalinity. Soils Bulletin 31. Land and Water Development Division, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. Available at www.fao.org/docrep/x5870e/x5870e00.htm. Verified 10 May 2015

  • FAO (1995) Irrigation potential in Africa: a basin approach. FAO Land and Water Bulletin 4 M-54 by FAO Land and Water Development Division

    Google Scholar 

  • Farifteh J, Farshad A, George RJ (2006) Assessing salt affected soils using remote sensing, solute modelling, and geophysics. Geoderma 130(3–4):191–206

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farifteh J, van der Meer F, Carranza EJM (2007) Similarity measures for spectral discrimination of salt-affected soils. Int J Remote Sens 28:5273–5293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farifteh J, Van der Meer F, Van der Meijde M, Atzberger C (2008) Spectral characteristics of salt-affected soils: a laboratory experiment. Geoderma 145(3–4):196–206

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fellner-Feldegg H (1969) The measurement of dielectrics in the time domain. J Phys Chem 73:616–623

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferandez BN, Siebe C, Palacio-Prieto JL, Webster R (2009) Mapping soil salinity from sample data and Remote Sensing in the Tormer Lake Texcoco, Central Mexico. In: Metternicht Gand Zinck JA (ed) Remote sensing of soil salinization: impact on land management. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 291–304

    Google Scholar 

  • French H, Binley A (2004) Snowmelt infiltration: monitoring temporal and spatial variability using time-lapse electrical resistivity. J Hydrol 297:174–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furby SL, Wallace JF, Caccetta P, Wheaton GA (1995) Detecting and monitoring salt-affected land. A report from the LWRRDC project, detecting and monitoring changes in land condition through time using remotely sensed data. Mathematical and Information Sciences, CSIRO, Perth

    Google Scholar 

  • Galagedara L, Parkin GW, Redman JD (2003) An analysis of the ground penetrating radar direct ground wave method for soil water content measurement. Hydrol Process 17(18):3615–3628

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghassemi F, Jakeman AJ, Nix HA (1995) Salinisation of land and water resources: human causes, extent, management and case studies. The Australian National University, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, CAB International, Canberra

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldshleger N, Ben-Dor E, Lugassi R, Eshel G (2010) Soil degradation monitoring by remote sensing: examples with three degradation processes. Soil Sci Soc Am J 74:1433–1445

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guganesharajah K, Pavey JF, VanWonderen J, Khasankhanova GM, Lyons DJ, Lloyd BJ (2007) Simulation of processes involved in soil salinization to guide soil remediation. J Irrig Drain Eng ASCE 133:131–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo Y, Shi Z, Huang J, Zhou L, Zhou Y, Wang L (2015) Characterization of field scale soil variability using remotely and proximally sensed data and response surface method, Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamed Y, Persson M, Berndtsson R (2003) Soil solution electrical conductivity measurements using different dielectric techniques. Soil Sci Soc Am J 67:1071–1078

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haseena HK, Kiran BR, Shankar Murthy K (2013) Application of aerial photography & remote sensing in environmental and geological interpretations in India-an overview. Int J Environ Biol 3(3):100–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayley LB, Gharibi M (2009) Time-lapse electrical resistivity monitoring of salt-affected soil and groundwater Kevin Hayley. Water Resour Res 45:W07425

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hendrickx JMH, Kachanoski RG (2002) Non-intrusive electromagnetic induction. Section 6.1.4.5. In: Dane JH, Topp GC (eds) Methods of soil analysis. Part 4 physical methods. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, pp 1297–1306

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendrickx JMH, Baerends B, Raza ZI, Sadig M, Chaudhry MA (1992) Soil salinity assessment by electromagnetic induction of irrigated land. Soil Sci Soc Am J 56:933–941

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heute AR (1998) A soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI). Remote Sens Environ 25:295–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hilwig FW (1980) Visual interpretation of multi-temporal Landsat data for inventories of natural resources, a north Indian case study. ITC J 2:297–327, Enschede, Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilwig FW, Karale RL (1973) Physiographic systems and elements of photo-interpretation as applied to soil survey in Ganges plain. J Indian Soc Soil Sci 21:205

    Google Scholar 

  • Howari FM, Goodell PC, Miyamoto S (2002) Spectral properties of salt crusts formed on saline soils. J Environ Qual 31(5):1453–1461

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang SY, Liu QHX, Li W, Liu QH (2005) Spectral model of soil salinity in Xinjiang of China. IEEE international geoscience and remote sensing symposium, Seoul, 25–29 July 2005, pp 4458–4460

    Google Scholar 

  • Huete A, Miura T, Gao X (2003) Land cover conversion and degradation analyses through coupled soil–plant biophysical parameters derived from Hyperspectral EO-1 Hyperion. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 41:1268–1276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huisman J, Sperl C, Bouten W, Erstraten J (2001) Soil water content measurements at different scales: accuracy of time domain reflectometry and ground penetrating radar. J Hydrol 245:48–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain G, Al-Hawas IA (2008) Salinity sensor: a reliable tool for monitoring in situ soil salinity under saline irrigation. Int J Soil Sci 3:92–100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IDNP (2002) A methodology for identification of waterlogging and soil salinity conditions using remote sensing. Indo-Dutch Network Project, CSSRI, Karnal and Alterra-ILRI, Wageningen

    Google Scholar 

  • Iivari TA, Doolittle JA (1994) Computer simulations of depths to water table using ground-penetrating radar in topographically diverse terrains. In: Kovar K, Soveri J (eds) Ground water quality management proceedings of GQM 93. International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Tallinn, September 1993, pp 11–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Iyer HS, Singh AN, Kumar W (1975) Problem area inventory of parts of Hoshiarpur district through photo-interpretation. J Indian Photo Interpretation 3:79

    Google Scholar 

  • Jabbar MT, Chen X (2008) Land degradation due to salinization in arid and semi-arid regions with the aid of geo-information techniques. Geo-Spatial Inform Sci 11(2):112–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson TJ, Chen D, Cosh M, Li F, Anderson M, Walthall C, Doraiswamy P, Hunt ER (2004) Vegetation water content mapping using Landsat data derived normalized difference water index for corn and soybeans. Remote Sens Environ 92:475–482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jain R (2011) Feasibility study on potential use of microwave SAR data in soil salinity induced land degradation assessment. MTech thesis, Andhra University, pp 1–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Jansen JR (2011) Geophysical methods to map brackish and saline water in aquifers. Proceedings of the georgia water resources conference, 11–13 April 2011 at University of Georgia

    Google Scholar 

  • Jasmin I, Mallikarjuna P (2011) Review: satellite-based remote sensing and geographic information systems and their application in the assessment of groundwater potential with particular reference to India. Hydrogeol J 19:729–740

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jason WM (2004) Mapping pore water salinity with electromagnetic and electrical methods in shallow coastal environments. Terra Ceia, Florida Greenwood University of South Florida

    Google Scholar 

  • Jayawickreme DH, Van Dam RL, Hyndman DW (2008) Subsurface imaging of vegetation, climate, and root-zone moisture interactions. Geophys Res Lett 35:L18404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joshi DC, Toth T, Sari D (2002) Spectral reflectance characteristics of Na-carbonate irrigated arid secondary sodic soils. Arid Land Res Manag 16:161–176

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalra NK, Joshi DC (1994) Spectral reflectance characteristics of salt affected soils of Rajasthan. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 22:183–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karale RL, Bali YP, Seshagiri Rao KV (1983) Soil mapping using remote sensing techniques. Sadhana 6:197–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Katawatin R, Kotrapat W (2005) Use of LANDSAT-7 ETM+ with ancillary data for soil salinity mapping in Northeast Thailand, third international conference on experimental mechanics and third conference of the Asian 2004, Sevilla, 3 June 2005, pp 708–716

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemna A, Vanderborght J, Kulessa B, Vereecken H (2002) Imaging and characterization of subsurface solute transport using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and equivalent transport models. J Hydrol 267:125–146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klemas V, Pieterse A (2015) Using remote sensing to map and monitor water resources in Arid and Semiarid regions. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Konukcu F, Istanbulluoglu A, Kocaman I (2003) Simultaneous use of newly adopted simple sensors for continuous measurements of soil moisture and salinity. Aust J Soil Res 41:309–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Ghosh G, Saha SK (2015) Hyperspectral remote sensing data derived spectral indices in characterizing salt-affected soils: a case study of Indo-Gangetic plains of India. Environ Earth Sci 73(7):3229–3308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwarteng AY (2002) Utilization of remote sensing and GIS for groundwater exploration in Kuwait. In: Singh S, Al-Rashed M (eds) Groundwater hydrology. Balkema, The Netherlands, pp 157–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamble P, Fraser D (2002) Creation of a GIS-based predictive model for groundwater in the Murray Valley irrigation region (NSW). Cartography 31(1):33–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lasne Y, Paillou P, Ruffie G, Serradilla C, Demontoux F, Freeman A, Farr T, Mcdonald K, Chapman B, Malezieu X (2008) Effect of salinity on the dielectric properties of geological materials: implication for soil moisture detection by means of remote sensing. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 46(6):1674–1688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee CH, Yeh HF, Chen JF (2008) Estimation of groundwater recharge using soil moisture budget method and base-flow model. Environ Geol 54:1787–1797

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leone AP, Sommer S (2000) Multivariate analysis of laboratory spectra for the assessment of soil development and soil degradation in the Southern Apennine (Italy). Remote Sens Environ 72:346–359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lesch SM, Strauss DJ, Rhoades JD (1995) Spatial prediction of soil salinity using electromagnetic induction techniques: 1 Statistical prediction models: a comparison of multiple linear regression and cokriging. Water Resour Res 31:373–386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lillesand TM, Kiefer RW, Chipman JW (2003) Remote sensing and image interpretation, 5th edn. Wiley, Hoboken

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin CP, Chung C, Tang SH (2007) Accurate time domain reflectometry measurement of electrical conductivity accounting for cable resistance and recording time. Soil Sci Soc Am J 71:1278–1287

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu N, Zhang Z, Gao Y (2005) Recognition and mapping of soil salinization in arid environment with hyperspectral data. Proc IGARSS 2005 I.E. Int 6:4520–4523

    Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig R, Gerhards H, Klenk, P, Wollschläger U, Buchner J (2011) Practical course environmental physics. Electromagnetic methods in applied geophysics. Institute of Environmental Physics, Heidelberg University, pp 1–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Machiwal D, Madan K, Jha, Bimal C (2011) Assessment of groundwater potential in a semi-arid region of india using remote sensing, GIS and MCDM techniques. Water Resour Manag 25:1359–1386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madrigal LP, Wiegand CL, Merz JG, Rubio BD, Estrada XC, Ramirez OL (2003) Soil salinity and its effect on crop yield: a study using satellite imagery in three irrigation districts. Ingeniería Hidráulica en México 18:83–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Maheswari K, Kumar PS, Mysaiah D, Ratnamala K, Rao MSH, Seshunarayana T (2013) Ground penetrating radar for groundwater exploration in granitic terrains: a case study from Hyderabad, India. J Geol Soc India 81(6):781–790

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manchanda M, Iyer H (1983) Use of Landsat imagery and aerial photographs for delineation and categorization of SAS of part of north-west India. J Indian Soc Soil Sci 31:263–271

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandal AK, Sharma RC, Singh G (2009) Assessment of salt-affected soils in India using GIS. Geocarto Int 24(6):437–456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNeill JD (1980a) Electrical conductivity of soil and rocks. Technical note TN-5 Geonics Ltd. Mississauga, p 21

    Google Scholar 

  • McNeill JD (1980b) Electromagnetic terrain conductivity measurements at low induction numbers. Technical note TN-5 Geonics Ltd. Mississauga, p 15

    Google Scholar 

  • McNeill JD (1986) Geonics EM 39 Borehole conductivity meter- Theory of operation, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, Geonics Limited, Technical Note TN-20

    Google Scholar 

  • McNeill JD (1990) Use of electromagnetic methods for groundwater studies. In: Ward SH (ed) Geotechnical and environmental geophysics, vol 1, Review and Tutorial. Society of Exploration, Tulsa, pp 191–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehrjardi RT, Taze SM, Sahebjalal E (2008) Accuracy assessment of soil salinity map in Yazd-Ardakan Plain, Central Iran, based on Landsat ETM+ imagery. Am Eurasian J Agric Environ Sci 3(5):708–712

    Google Scholar 

  • Melendez PI, Navarro PJ, Koch M, Gómez I (2010) Applying imaging spectroscopy techniques to map saline soils with ASTER images. Geoderma 158(1–2):55–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menenti M, Lorkeers A, Vissers M (1986) An application of thematic mapper data in Tunisia. ITC J 1:35–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Metternicht GI (1998) Fuzzy classification of JERS-1 SAR data: an evaluation of its performance for soil salinity mapping. Ecol Model 111:61–74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metternicht GI, Zinck JA (2003) Remote sensing of soil salinity: potentials and constraints. Remote Sens Environ 85:1–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Metternicht GI, Zinck JA (eds) (2008) Remote sensing of soil salinization: impact on land management. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, p 377

    Google Scholar 

  • Minhas PS, Gupta RK (1992) Quality of irrigation water: assessment and management. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, p 123

    Google Scholar 

  • Mougenot B, Pouget M, Epema GF (1993) Remote sensing of salt- affected soils. RS Rev 7:241–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullen IC, Wilkinson KE, Cresswell RG, Kellett J (2007) Three-dimensional mapping of salt stores in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia: 2. Calculating landscape salt loads from airborne electromagnetic and laboratory data. Int J Appl Earth Observ Geoinform 9(2):103–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NBSSLUP (2006) Soils of India. NBSS Pub. 94. National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur

    Google Scholar 

  • Odeh IO, Onus A (2008) Spatial analysis of soil salinity and soil structural stability in a semiarid region of New South Wales, Australia. Springer science +business media, LLC

    Google Scholar 

  • Paine JG, Collins EW (2010) Characterizing oil field salinization using airborne, surface, and borehole geophysics: an example from the Upper Colorado River Basin, Texas. Environ Geosci 17(4):193–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Paine JG, Collins EW, Nance HS, Niemann KL (2009) Combining airborne electromagnetic induction and hydrochemistry to quantify salinity contributions to a large-basin stream, Colorado River, Texas, USA. Near Surf Geophys 7(4):271–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Palamara DR, Rodriguez VB, Kellett J, Macaulay S (2010) Salt mapping in the Lower Macquarie area, Australia using airborne electromagnetic data. Environ Earth Sci 61(3):613–623

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paterson NR, Bosschart AR (1987) Airborne geophysical exploration for ground water. Groundwater 25:41–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pope DA, Gordon AD (1999) Simulation of ground-water flow and movement of the freshwater-saltwater interface in the New Jersey Coastal Plain, Water-Resources Investigations Report 98–4216. U.S. Geological Survey, West Trenton, p 159

    Google Scholar 

  • Preeja KR, Sabu J, Jobin T (2011) Identification of groundwater potential zones of a tropical river basin (Kerala, India) using remote sensing and gis techniques. J Indian Soc Remote 39(1):83–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao BRM, Ravi Sankar T, Dwivedi RS, Thammappa SS, Venkataratnam L, Sharma RC, Das SN (1995) Spectral behaviour of salt-affected soils. Int J Remote Sens 16:2125–2136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhoades JD (1976) Measuring, mapping and monitoring field salinity and water depths with soil resistance measurements. FAO Soils Bull 31:69–109

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rhoades JD (1992) Instrumental field methods of salinity appraisal. In: Topp GC, Reynolds WD, Green RE (eds) Advances in measurement of soil physical properties: bringing theory into practice. SSSA Special Publication, No. 30. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, 1992, pp 231–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhoades JD, Ingvalson RD (1971) Determining salinity in field soils with soil resistance measurements. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 35:54–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhoades JD, Miyamoto S (1990) Testing soils for salinity and sodicity. In: Westerman RL (ed) Soil testing and plant analysis, vol 3, 3rd edn, SSSA Book Ser. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, pp 428–433

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhoades JD, Fernando Chanduvi, Lesch SM (1999) Soil salinity assessment: methods and interpretation of electrical conductivity measurements. Published by Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, p 150

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards LA (1954) Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. USDA Handbook No. 60. US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson DA, Jones SB, Wraith JM, Or D, Friedman SP (2003) A review of advances in dielectric and electrical conductivity measurements in soils using time domain reflectometry. Vadose Zone J 2:444–475

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sackey N (2014) Estimation of soil moisture content using GPR and time-lapse resistivity: a case study of knust anwomaso oil palm plantation. MSc Thesis, Department of Physics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology

    Google Scholar 

  • Saha SK, Kudrat M, Bhan SK (1990) Digital processing of Landsat TM data for wasteland mapping in parts of Aligarh District, Uttar Pradesh India. Int J Remote Sens 11:485–492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sander P, Chesley MM, Minor TB (1996) Groundwater assessment using remote sensing and GIS in a rural groundwater project in Ghana: lessons learned. Hydrogeol J 4(3):40–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schimd T, Koch M, Gumuzzio J (2008) Application of hyperspectral imagery to soil salinity mapping. In: Metternicht G, Zinck J (eds) Remote sensing of soil salinization: impact on land management. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 113–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Sethi M, Gupta SK, Dubey DD (1996) Assessment of soil salinity and waterlogging in the Ukai–Kakrapar command area using remotely sensed data. In: Proceedings scientific meeting on Waterlogging and soil salinity in Ukai-Kakrapar command: causes and remedial measures, Anand, pp 56–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Sethi M, Ghosh DK, Kudrat M (2001) Inventorying salt-affected soils: a case study of Kanpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India. In: Muralikrishnan IV (ed) Spatial Information technology, remote sensing and geographical information systems. Vol 2 ICORG. BS Publications, Hyderabad, pp 417–422

    Google Scholar 

  • Sethi M, Dasog GS, Van Lieshout A, Salimath SB (2006) Salinity appraisal using IRS images in Shorapur Taluka, Upper Krishna Irrigation Project-Phase I, Gulbarga District, Karnataka, India. Int J Remote Sens 27:2917–2926

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sethi M, Khurana ML, Rakesh B, Bundela DS, Gupta SK, Ram S, Chinchmalatpure AR, Chaudhari SK, Sharma DK (2012) Appraisal of salt-affected and waterlogged soils in Rohtak, Bhiwani, Jind and Jhajjar districts of Haryana using Remote Sensing and GIS. Technical Bulletin no. 2012/02. Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, p 28

    Google Scholar 

  • Sethi M, Bundela D, Yadav RK, Singh Manjit (2014) Development of spectral reflectance methods and low cost sensors for real-time application of variable rate inputs in precision farming, component 4 of NAIP, National Agricultural Innovation Project (World Bank), ICAR Final Report

    Google Scholar 

  • Shao Yun, Qingrong Hu, Guo H, Yuan Lu (2003) Effect of dielectric properties of moist salinized soils on backscattering coefficients extracted from RADARSAT image. Geoscience and remote sensing symposium, 2003. IGARSS 03. Proceedings, 2003 I.E. International, vol 4, pp 2789–2791

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma RC, Bhargava GP (1988) Landsat imagery for mapping saline soils and wetlands in north-west India. Int J Remote Sens 9:39–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma DP, Gupta SK (2001) Application of EM38 for soil salinity appraisal: an Indian experience. Indian Farming 49(11):47–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Siemon B, Wiederhold H, Steuer A, Miensopust MP, Voß W, von Seht M, Meyer U (2014) Helicopter-borne electromagnetic surveys in Northern Germany, 23rd Salt Water intrusion meeting, 16–20 June 2014, Hasum

    Google Scholar 

  • Sikandar P, Bakhsh A, Ali T (2010) Vertical electrical sounding (VES) resistivity survey technique to explore low salinity groundwater for tube well installation in Chaj Doab. J Agric Res 48:547–566

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh AN (1994) Monitoring change in the extent of salt-affected soils in northern India. Int J Remote Sens 15:3173–3182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh NT (2005) Irrigation and soil salinity in the Indian subcontinent: past and present. Lehigh University Press, Bethlehem

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh AN, Dwivedi RS (1989) Delineation of salt-affected soils through digital analysis of Landsat-MSS data. Int J Remote Sens 10:83–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh RP, Sirohi A (1994) Spectral reflectance properties of different types of soil surfaces. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 49(4):34–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh RP, Srivastav SK (1990) Mapping of waterlogged and salt-affected soils using microwave radiometers. Int J Remote Sens 11:1879–1887

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh AN, Baumgardner MF, Kristof ST (1977) Delineating salt-affected soils in part of Indo-Gangetic plain by digital analysis of Landsat data. Technical Report. LARS, Purdue University, West Lafayette

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh G, Bundela DS, Sethi M, Lal K, Kamra SK (2010) Remote sensing and GIS for appraisal of salt-affected soils in India. J Environ Qual 39(1):5–15

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slater LD, Sandberg SK (2000) Resistivity and induced polarization monitoring of salt transport under natural hydraulic gradients. Geophysics 65:408–420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sreenivas K, Venkataratnam L, Narasimha Rao PV (1995) Dielectric properties of salt-affected soils. Int J Remote Sens 16:641–649

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava A (2002) Aquifer geometry basement topography and groundwater quality around Ken Graben, India. J Spat Hydrol 2(2):1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Stogryn A (1971) Equations for calculating the dielectric constant of saline water. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech MIT-19:733–736

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szabolcs I (1989) Salt affected soils. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor GR (1996) Characterization of saline soils using airborne radar imagery. Remote Sens Environ 57(3):127–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor G, Dehaan R (2000) Salinity mapping with hyperspectral imagery. In: Taylor G (ed) 14th international conference, applied geologic remote sensing. Springer, Las Vegas, p 512

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor GR, Bennett BA, Mah AH, Hewson RD (1994) Spectral properties of salinized land and implications for interpretation of 24-channel imaging spectrometry. In: Proceedings of first international airborne remote sensing conference and exhibition, Strasbourg, 11–15 Sept 1994

    Google Scholar 

  • Thayalakumaran T, Bethune MG, McMahon TA (2007) Achieving a salt balance – should it be a management objective. Agric Water Manag 92:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tilley DR (2007) Hyperspectral reflectance response of freshwater macrophytes to salinity in a brackish subtropical marsh. J Environ Qual 36(3):780–789

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Topp GC, Davis JL (1985) Measurement of soil water content using time-domain reflectometry (TDR): a field evaluation. Soil Sci Sot Am J 49:19–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Topp GC, Davis JL, Annan AP (1980) Electromagnetic determination of soil water content: measurement in coaxial transmission lines. Water Resour Res 16:574–582

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trabelsi F, Mammou AB, Tarhouni J, Piga C, Ranieri G (2013) Delineation of saltwater intrusion zones using the time domain electromagnetic method: the Nabeul – Hammamet coastal aquifer case study (NE Tunisia). Hydrol Process 27:2004–2020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trivedi D, Devi K, Buynevich I, Srinivasan P, Ravisankar K, Vipul S, Sengupta D, Nair Rajesh R (2012) Interpretation of dune genesis from sedimentological data and ground penetrating radar (GPR) signatures: a case study from Ashirmata Dune Field, Mandvi Beach, Gujarat, India. Int J Geosci 3(4):772–779

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ulaby FT, Moore RK, Fung AK (1986) Microwave remote sensing, active and passive, vol III, From theory to applications. Artech House, Readings, Norwood, pp 1065–2162

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Overmeeren RS, Sariowan, Gehrels J (1997) Ground penetrating radar for determining volumetric soil water content: results of comparative measurements at two test sites. J Hydrol 197:316–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Venkatratnam L (1983) Monitoring of soil salinity in Indo-Gangetic plain of NW India using multi-date Landsat data. In: Proceedings 17th international symposium on remote sensing of environment, vol 1. Ann Arbor, pp 369–377

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma K, Saxena RK, Barthwal AK, Deshmukh SN (1994) Remote sensing technique for mapping salt affected soils. Int J Remote Sens 15(9):1901–1914

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viezzoli A, Munday T, Cooper YL (2012) Airborne electromagnetics for groundwater salinity mapping: case studies of coastal and inland salinisation from around the World. Bollettino di eofisica Teoricaed Applicata 53(4):581–600

    Google Scholar 

  • Vlotman WF (2000) (ed) Proceedings of EM 38 Workshop. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI) Workshop, New Delhi, 4 Feb 2000

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiler K, Steenhuis T, Boll J, Kung KJ (1998) Comparison of ground penetrating radar and time domain reflectometry as soil water sensors. Soil Sci Soc Am J 62:1237–1239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss E, Marsh SE, Pfirman ES (2001) Application of NOAA-AVHRR NDVI time-series data to assess changes in Saudi Arabia’s Rangelands. Int J Remote Sens 22(6):1005–1027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weng Y, Gong P, Zhu Z (2008) Soil salt content estimation in the Yellow River Delta with satellite hyperspectral data. Can J Remote Sens 34(3):259–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Wichelns D, Oster JD (2006) Sustainable irrigation is necessary and achievable, but direct costs and environmental impacts can be substantial. Agric Water Manag 86:114–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiegand CL, Anderson GL, Lingle SE, Escobar DE (1996) Soil salinity effects on crop growth and yield – illustration of an analysis and mapping methodology for sugarcane. J Plant Physiol 148:418–424

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yao R, Yang J (2010) Quantitative evaluation of soil salinity and its spatial distribution using electromagnetic induction method. Agric Water Manag 97(12):1961–1970

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu R, Liu TX, Xu YP, Zhu C, Zhang Q, Qu ZY, Liu XM, Li CY (2010) Analysis of salinization dynamics by remote sensing in Hetao Irrigation District of North China. Agric Water Manag 97(12):1952–1960

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India

    Madhurama Sethi, D. S. Bundela &  Rajkumar

Authors
  1. Madhurama Sethi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. S. Bundela
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rajkumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Madhurama Sethi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India

    J.C. Dagar

  2. Crop Improvement, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India

    P.C. Sharma

  3. ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India

    D.K. Sharma

  4. Rajmata Sindia Agricultural University , Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India

    A.K. Singh

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer India

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sethi, M., Bundela, D.S., Rajkumar (2016). Diagnosis and Prognosis of Salt-Affected Soils and Poor-Quality Waters Using Remote Sensing and Proximal Techniques. In: Dagar, J., Sharma, P., Sharma, D., Singh, A. (eds) Innovative Saline Agriculture. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2770-0_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation