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Plant Biology and Biotechnology pp 179–204Cite as

Organellar Genomes of Flowering Plants

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Abstract

Arguably, the two most important organelles of the eukaryotic cell are not its original inhabitants. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have evolved by endo symbiosis and have a prokaryotic ancestry. This is reflected perfectly in their genome organization and the basic functioning of their genetic system. Over the long course of evolution, they have given away most of their genes. The genes were either lost because they were no longer needed or were relocated to the nucleus. Nuclear transfer of their DNA is an ongoing process, and the two organellar genomes are still evolving. The DNA sequences are in a constant state of motion because of interorganellar and horizontal gene transfer within and between different plant species. In contrast to the chloroplast genomes, which are much conserved and do not generally exhibit any structural or functional anomalies, mitochondria are notorious for their lack of synteny, frequent DNA rearrangements, constantly varying intergenic regions and accumulation of heterologous DNA sequences. Since the nucleus cannot work in isolation, all the random and mischievous genetic activities of organellar genomes have had a direct or indirect impact on nuclear genome evolution. They act as one of the major mechanisms by which genetic novelty is brought about in the nuclear genome. As they say, to produce good music, both black and white chords have to work in harmony. Similarly, irrespective of individual nature of the three genomes in a cell, these three always work in harmony for optimum functioning of the plant cell.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, for Special Assistance Programme and Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, for FIST and DU-DST PURSE programme. Senior Research Fellowship to Ami Choubey by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, is acknowledged.

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  1. Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110 021, India

    Ami Choubey & Manchikatla Venkat Rajam

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  1. Ami Choubey
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Correspondence to Manchikatla Venkat Rajam .

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  1. Sri Biotech Laboratories India Limited, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

    Bir Bahadur

  2. Department of Genetics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Manchikatla Venkat Rajam

  3. Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    Leela Sahijram

  4. Center for Pharmaceutics, Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Trans-Disciplinary Health Science and Technology (IHST), Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    K. V. Krishnamurthy

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Choubey, A., Rajam, M.V. (2015). Organellar Genomes of Flowering Plants. In: Bahadur, B., Venkat Rajam, M., Sahijram, L., Krishnamurthy, K. (eds) Plant Biology and Biotechnology. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2283-5_8

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