Abstract
Forests play a crucial role in regulating the climate of the planet Earth by acting as important storehouses of carbon. Forest plants and soils drive the global carbon cycle by sequestering (storing) carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and releasing it through respiration. When the uptake of carbon dioxide (photosynthesis) exceeds losses via respiration, harvest and management, forests store carbon (C sinks). In an undisturbed forest, ~74 % of the carbon dioxide is stored in live stems and branches, 16 % is stored in roots, and 10 % is stored in soils.
…Conserve the blue carbon lane
And increase the carbon gain…
The Authors
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adams JM, Faure H, Faure-Denard L, McGlade JM, Woodward FI (1990) Increases in terrestrial carbon storage from the last glacial maximum to the present. Nature 348:711–714
Ajtay GL, Ketner P, Duvigneaud P (1979) Terrestrial primary production and phytomass. Global Carbon Cycle 13:129–182
Alongi DM, Boto KG, Robertson AI (1992) Nitrogen and phosphorous cycle’s. In: Robertson AI, Alongi DM (eds) Tropical mangrove ecosystems. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C, pp 251–292
Amarasinghe MD, Balasubramaniam S (1992) Structural properties of two types of mangrove stands on the northwestern coast of Sri Lanka. Hydrobiologia 247:17–27
Ball MC, Munns R (1992) Plant responses to salinity under elevated atmospheric conditions of CO2. Aust J Bot 40:515–525
Ball MC, Cochrane MJ, Rawson HM (1997) Growth and water use of the mangroves Rhizophora apiculata and R. stylosa in response to salinity and humidity under ambient and elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2. Plant Cell Environ 20:1158–1166
Bazilevich NI (1974) Energy flow and biological regularities of the world ecosystems. Cavé
Bazilevich NI, Rodin LY, Rozov NN (1971) Geographical aspects of biological productivity. Sov Geogr Rev Transl 12:293–317; and Paper Vth Congress USSR Geographical Society, Leningrad, 1970
Beer S, Eschel A, Waisel Y (1977) Carbon metabolism in seagrasses. J Exp Bot 28:1180–1189
Benedict CR, Scott JR (1976) Photosynthetic carbon metabolism of a marine grass. Plant Physiol 57:876–880
Bohn HL (1976) Estimate of organic carbon in world soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 40:468–470
Bohn HL (1978) Organic soil carbon and CO2. Tellus 30:472–475
Bohn HL (1982a) Organic carbon in world soils. Soil Sci J Am 46:1118–1119
Bohn HL (1982b) Estimate of organic carbon in world soils: II. Soil Sci Soc Am J 46:1118–1119
Bolin B, Degens ET, Duvigneaud P, Kempe S (1979) The global biogeochemical carbon cycle. In: Bolin B, Degens ET, Kempe S, Kenter P (eds) The global carbon cycle, 1st edn. Wiley, Chichester, pp 1–56
Boto K, Wellington J (1984) Soil characteristics and nutrient status in a Northern Australian mangrove forest. Estuaries Coasts 7:61–69
Bouillon S, Rivera-Monroy VH, Twilley RR, Kairo JG (2009) Mangroves. In: Laffoley D, Grimsditch GD (eds) The management of natural coastal carbon sinks. IUCN
Bowes G, Holaday AS, Van TK, Hallen WT (1978) Photosynthetic and photorespiratory carbon metabolism in aquatic plants. In: Hall DO, Coombs J, Goodwin TW (eds) Photosynthesis. The Biochemical Society, London, pp 289–298
Briggs SV (1977) Estimates of biomass in a temperate mangrove community. Aust J Ecol 2:369–373. Sciences 68:338–354
Brown LR, Larsen J, Dorn JG, Moore F (2006) Time for Plan B: cutting carbon emissions 80 percent by 2020
Buringh P (1983) Organic carbon in soils of the world. Role Terr Veg Glob Carbon Cycle. Meas Remote Sens 23
Chave J, Andalo C, Brown S, Cairns MA, Chambers JQ, Eamus D, Fölster H, Fromard F, Higuchi N, Kira T, Lescure JP, Nelson BW, Ogawa H, Puig H, Riéra B, Yamakura T (2005) Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests. Oecologia 145:87–99
Clough BF, Scott K (1989) Allometric relationship for estimating above ground biomass in six mangrove species. Forest Ecol Manage 27:117–127
Clough BF, Dixon P, Dalhaus O (1997) Allometric relationships for estimating biomass in multi-stemmed mangrove trees. Aust J Bot 45:1023–1031
Comley BWT, McGuinness KA (2005) Above- and below-ground biomass and allometry of four common northern Australian mangroves. Aust J Bot 53:431–436
Cox EF, Allen JA (1999) Stand structure and productivity of the introduced Rhizophora mangle in Hawaii’. Estuaries 22(2A):276–284
Dahdouh-Guebas F, Koedam N (2006) Empirical estimate of the reliability of the use of the point-centred quarter method (PCQM): solutions to ambiguous field situations and description of the PCQM + protocol. Forest Ecol Manage 228:1–18
Denny MW (1988) Biology and the mechanics of the wave-swept environment. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Dixon RK, Krankina ON (1993) Forest fires in Russia: carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. Can J Forest Res 23:700–705
Donato DC, Kauffman JB, Murdiyarso D, Kurnianto S, Stidham M, Kanninen M (2011) Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nat Geosci 4
Doohan ME, Newcomb EH (1976) Leaf ultrastructure and δ13C values of three seagrasses from the Great Barrier Reef. Aust J Plant Physiol 3:9–23
Downton WJS, Bishop DG, Larkum AWD, Osmond CB (1976) Oxygen inhibition of photosynthetic oxygen evolution in marine plants. Aust J Plant Physiol 3:73–79
Duarte CM (1999) Methods in comparative functional ecology. In: Pugnaire FI, Valladares F (eds) Handbook of functional plant ecology. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp 1–8
Ellison AM, Farnsworth EJ (1996) Anthropogenic disturbance of Caribbean mangrove ecosystems: past impacts, present trends, and future predictions. Biotropica 28:549–565
Eswaran H, Den Berg EV, Reich P (1993) Organic carbon in soils of the world. Soil Sci Soc Am J 57:192–194
FAO/Forest Trends (2007) Investing in the future: an assessment of private sector demand for engaging in markets & payments for ecosystem services, by S. Waage, with contributions from I. Mulder, K. ten Kate, S. Sherr, J.P. Roberts, A. Hawn, K. Hamilton, R. Bayon and N. Carroll. Forthcoming in PESAL (Payments for Environmental Services from Agricultural Landscapes) Papers series. Rome, FAO and Washington, DC, Forest Trends
Farnsworth EJ, Ellison AM, Gong WK (1996) Elevated CO2 alters anatomy, physiology, growth, and reproduction of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L). Oecologia 108(4):599–609
Fourqurean JW, Duarte CM, Kennedy H, Marbà N, Holmer M, Mateo MA, Apostolaki ET, Kendrick GA, Krause-Jensen D, McGlathery KJ, Serrano O (2012) Seagrass ecosystems as a globally significant carbon stock. Nat Geosci 5:505–509
Fromard F, Puig H, Mougin E, Marty G, Betoulle JL, Cadamuro L (1998) Structure, above-ground biomass and dynamics of mangrove ecosystems: New data from French Guiana. Oecologia 115:39–53
Gorham E (1990) Biotic impoverishment in northern peatlands. In: Woodwell GM (ed) The earth in transition: patterns and processes of biotic impoverishment. Cambridge University, New York, NY, pp 65–98
Gorham E, Janssens JA (1992) Concepts of fen and bog reexamined in relation to bryophyte cover and the acidity of surface waters. Acta societalis botanicorum poloniae 61:7–20
Harmon ME, Ferrell WK, Franklin JF (1990) Effects on carbon storage conversion of old-growth forests to young forests. Science 247:699–702
Hough RA (1976) Light and dark respiration and release of organic carbon in marine macrophytes of the Great Barrier Reef region. Aust J Plant Physiol 3:63–68
Houghton J, Ding Y, Griggs D, Noguer M, Van der Linden P, Dai X, Maskell K, Johnson C (eds) (2001) Climate change. The scientific basis. Published for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, 881
Hurd CL, Galvin RS, Norton TA, Dring MJ (1993) Production of hyaline hairs by intertidal species of Fucus (Fucales) and their role in phosphate uptake. J Phycol 29:160–165
Hutchings PA, Saenger P (1985) Ecology of mangroves. University of Queensland Press, St. Lucie
Imbert D, Rollet B (1989) Phytmassaerienne et production primaire dans la mangrove du Grand Cul-de-sac Marine (Guadeloupe, Antilles francaises). Bull Ecol 20:27–39
IPCC-Working Group II (1990) Chapter 5: world ocean and coastal zones
Kira T, Shidei T (1967) Primary production and turnover of organic matter in different forest ecosystems of the Western Pacific. Jpn J Ecol 17:70–87
Komiyama A, Ogino K, Aksornkoae S, Sabhasri S (1987) Root biomass of a mangrove forest in southern Thailand. 1. Estimation by the trench method and the zonal structure of root biomass. J Trop Ecol 3:97–108
Komiyama A, Moriya H, Prawiroatmodjo S, Toma T, Ogino K (1988) Primary productivity of mangrove forest. In: Ogino K, Chihara M (eds) Biological system of mangroves. Ehime University, Matsuyama, pp 97–117
Komiyama A, Havanond S, Srisawatt W, Mochida Y, Fujimoto K, Ohnishi T, Ishihara S, Miyagi T (2000) Top/root biomass ratio of a secondary mangrove (Ceriops tagal (Perr.) CB Rob.) Forest. Forest Ecol Manage 139:127–134
Komiyama A, Poungparn S, Kato S (2005) Common allometric equations for estimating the tree weight of mangroves. J Trop Ecol 21:471–477
Kristensen E, Bouillon S, Dittmar T, Marchand C (2008) Organic matter dynamics in mangrove ecosystems. Aquat Bot. doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.005, in press
Lee SY (1995) Mangrove outwelling: a review. Hydrobiologia 295:203–212
Lugo AE, Snedaker SC (1974) The ecology of mangroves. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 5:39–64
Mackey AP (1993) Biomass of the mangrove Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh, near Brisbane, south eastern Queensland. Aust J Mar Freshw Res 44:721–725
Markov VD, Olunin AS, Ospennikova LA, Skobeeva EI, Khoroshev PI (1988) World peat resources. Moscow ‘Nedra’, pp 383 (in Russian)
Mateo MA, Romero J, Perez M, Littler MM, Littler DS (1997) Dynamics of millenary organic deposits resulting from the growth of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanic. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 44:103–110
Mateo I, Laborde I, Vicente VP (2006) Monitoring of tropical shallow water fish communities around the Eco Electrica liquefied natural gas import terminal and cogeneration plant in Guayanilla Bay, Puerto Rico. Proc Gulf Carib Fish Inst 57:633–652
Mitra A, Gangopadhyay A, Dube A, Andre CK, Schmidt AC, Banerjee K (2009) Observed changes in water mass properties in the Indian Sundarbans (Northwestern Bay of Bengal) during 1980–2007. Curr Sci 97(10):1445–1452
Norton TA (1991) Conflicting constraints on the form of intertidal algae. Brit Phycol J 26:203–218
Odum WE, McIvor CC (1990) Mangroves. In: Ewel J, Myers R (eds) Ecosystems of Florida. University of Central Florida Press. USA, Chap 15, pp 517–548
Olson JS, Watts JA, Allison LJ (1983) Carbon in live vegetation of major world ecosystems. Oak ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, ORNL-5862
Ong JE (1993) Mangroves—a carbon source and sink. Chemosphere 27:1097–1107
Ong JE, Gong WK, Wong CH (2004) Allometry and partitioning of the mangrove, Rhizophora apiculata. Forest Ecol Manage 188:395–408
Oohata S, Shinnozaki K (1979) A statical model of plant form—further analysis of the pipe model theory. Jpn J Ecol 29:323–335
Orem WH, Holmes CW, Kendall C, Lerch HE, Bates AL, Silva SR, Boylan A, Corum M, Marot M, Hedgeman C (1999) Geochemistry of Florida Bay sediments: nutrient history at five sites in eastern and central Florida Bay. J Coast Res 15:1055–1071
Orth RJ, Carruthers TJB, Dennison WC, Duarte CM, Fourqurean JW, Heck KL Jr, Hughes AR, Kendrick GA, Kenworthy WJ, Olyarnik S, Short FT, Waycott M, Williams SL (2006) A global crisis for seagrass ecosystems. Bioscience 56(2):987
Parker PL (1964) The biogeochemistry of the stable isotopes of carbon in a marine bay. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 28:1155–1164
Pool DJ, Snedaker SC, Lugo AE (1977) Structure of mangrove forests in Florida, Puerto Rico, Mexico and Costa Rica. Biotropica 9:195–212
Post WM, Emanuel WR, Zinke PJ, Stangenberger AG (1982) Soil carbon pools and world life zones. Nature 298:156–159
Putz FE, Chan HT (1986) Tree growth, dynamic and productivity in a mature mangrove forest in Malaysia. Forest Ecol Manage 17:211–230
Raven JA, Johnston AM (1991) Mechanisms of inorganic-carbon acquisition in marine phytoplankton and their implications for the use of other resources. Limnol Oceanogr 36:1701–1714
Ross MS, Ruiz PL, Telesnicki GJ, Meeder JF (2001) Estimating above-ground biomass and production in mangrove communities of Biscayne National Park, Florida (U.S.A.). Wetlands Ecol Manage 9:27–37
Saenger P (2002) Mangrove ecology, silviculture, and conservation. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Saenger P, Snedaker SC (1993) Pantropical trends in mangrove above-ground biomass and annual litterfall. Oecologia 96(3):293–299
Schlesinger WH (1984) Soil organic matter: a source of atmospheric CO2. In: Woodwell GM (ed) The role of terrestrial vegetation in the global carbon cycle: measurement by remote sensing. Wiley, New York, pp 111–127 (e-publishing)
Shinozaki K, Yoda K, Hozumi K, Kira T (1964) A quantitative analysis of plant forms the pipe model theory. I. Basic analysis. Jpn J Ecol 14:97–105
Sjors H (1980) Peat on earth: multiple uses or conservation? Ambio 9:303–308
Smith RG, Bidwell RGS (1989) Inorganic carbon uptake by photosynthetically active protoplasts of the red macroalga Chondrus cnspus. Mar Biol 102:1–4
Smith BN, Epstein S (1971) Two categories of 13C/12C ratios for higher plants. Plant Physiol 47:380–384
Snedaker SC, Araujo RJ (1998) Stomatal conductance and gas exchange in four species of Caribbean mangroves exposed to ambient and increased CO2. Mar Freshw Res 49:325–327
Soares MLG, Schaeffer-Novelli YS (2005) Above-ground biomass of mangrove species. I. Analysis of models. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 65:1–18
Steemann Nielsen E (1975) Marine photosynthesis. Elsevier, Amsterdam 142 pp
Steinke TD, Ward CJ, Rajh A (1995) Forest structure and biomass of mangrove in the Mgeni estuary, South Africa. Hydrobiologia 295:159–166
Tam NFY, Wong YS (1995) Spatial and temporal variations of heavy metal contamination in sediments of a mangrove swamp in Hong Kong. Mar Pollut Bull 31:254–261
Tamai S, Nakasuga T, Tabuchi R, Ogino K (1986) Standing biomass of mangrove forests in southern Thailand. J Jpn Forest Soc 68:384–388
Tomlinson PB (1986) The botany of mangroves. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Twilley RR (1995) Properties of mangrove ecosystems related to the energy signature of coastal environment. In: Hall C (ed) Maximum power. University of Colorado Press, Niwot, pp 43–62
Twilley RR, Lugo AE, Patterson-Zucca C (1986) Litter production and turnover in basin mangrove forests in southwest Florida. Ecology 67:670–683
Twilley RR, Chen RH, Hargis T (1992) Carbon sinks in mangroves and their implications to carbon budget of tropical coastal ecosystems. Water Air Soil Pollut 64:265–288
UNEP (1994) The convention on biological diversity: issues of relevance to Africa. Regional ministerial conference on the convention on biological diversity. October. UNEP/AMCEN/RCU 7/1 (A), 27 July
Whittaker RH, Likens GE (1975) The biosphere and man. In: Lieth H, Whittaker RH (eds) Primary Productivity of the biosphere. Springer, Berlin. Ecol Stud 14:305–328
Internet References
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer India
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mitra, A., Zaman, S. (2015). Blue Carbon in Floral Community. In: Blue Carbon Reservoir of the Blue Planet. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2107-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2107-4_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New Delhi
Print ISBN: 978-81-322-2106-7
Online ISBN: 978-81-322-2107-4
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)