Abstract
The clinical diagnosis of chronic venous insufficiency (C3 to C6 clinical classes) is relatively simple with the telltale evidence of varicose veins and the dermal changes in the gaiter area. The external manifestations are very often similar in both primary and secondary CVI. Identification of the underlying hemodynamic abnormalities is necessary in making this distinction. History and clinical examination cannot always indicate the nature and severity of the underlying pathology. Detailed diagnostic investigations are needed to sort out these issues. This is an essential requirement since the treatment options are different in the two sets of patients.
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Vaidyanathan, S. (2015). Chronic Venous Insufficiency: Clinical Features and Investigations. In: Chronic Venous Disorders of the Lower Limbs. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1991-0_12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1991-0_12
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