Abstract
The aquatic and wetland plant species possess exorbitant efficiency to remove various inorganic and organic contaminants including heavy metals, radionuclides, nutrients, explosives and hydrocarbons from wastewaters. The removal of contaminants varies from species to species and is also dependent upon concentration of the contaminant and duration of exposure. The present chapter highlights the variety of contaminants removed by aquatic plants and well-studied plant species are also emphasized (Fig. 2.1).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Literature Cited
Abdel-Ghani NT, Hegazy AK, El-Chaghaby GA (2009) Typha domingensis leaf powder for decontamination of aluminium, iron, zinc and lead: biosorption kinetics and equilibrium modeling. Int J Environ Sci Technol 6(2):243–248
Abdelmalik WEY, El-Shinawy RMK, Ishak MM, Mahmoud KA (1980) Uptake of radionuclides by some aquatic macrophytes of Ismailia Canal, Egypt. Hydrobiology 69:3
AbdElnaby AM, Egorov MA (2012) Efficiency of different particle sizes of dried Salvinia natans in the removing of Cu(II) and oil pollutions from water. J Water Chem Technol 34:143–146
Adhikari T, Kumar R, Singh MV, Rao AS (2010) Phytoaccumulation of lead by selected wetland plant species. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 41:2623–2632
Afrous A, Manshouri M, Liaghat A, Pazira E, Sedghi H (2011) Mercury and arsenic accumulation by three species of aquatic plants in Dezful, Iran. Afr J Agric Res 6(24):5391–5397
Ajayi TO, Ogunbayo AO (2012) Achieving environmental sustainability in wastewater treatment by phytore-mediation with water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). J Sustain Dev 5:80–90
Akinbile CO, Yusoff MS (2012) Assessing water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), (Pistia stratiotes) effectiveness in aquaculture wastewater treatment. Int J Phytoremediation 14(3):201–211
Albaldawi IA, Suja’ F, Abdullah SRS, Idris M (2011) Preliminary test of hydrocarbon exposure on Salvinia molesta in phytoremediation process. Revelation Sci 01:52–56
Al-Baldawi IA, Abdullah SRS, Suja F, Anuar N, Idris M (2012) Preliminary test of hydrocarbon exposure on Azolla pinnata in phytoremediation process. In: International conference on environment, Energy and biotechnology IPCBEE, vol 33. IACSIT Press, Singapore, pp 244–247
Al-Hamdani S (2008) Influence of different sodium chloride concentrations on selected physiological responses of Salvinia. J Aquat Plant Manage 46:172–175
Al-Hamdani SH, Sirna CB (2008) Physiological responses of Salvinia minima to different phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations. Am Fern J 98:71–82
Alia NA, Bernal MP, Ater M (2004) Tolerance and bioaccumulation of cadmium by Phragmites australis grown in the presence of elevated concentrations of cadmium, copper, and zinc. Aquat Bot 80:163–176
Alonso-Castro AJ, Carranza-Álvarez C, la Torre MCA, Chávez-Guerrero L, García-De la Cruz RF (2009) Removal and accumulation of cadmium and lead by Typha latifolia exposed to single and mixed metal solutions. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 57:688–696
Alvarado S, Gu’edez M, Lu’e-Mer’u MP, Nelson G, Alvaro A, Jes’us AC et al (2008) Arsenic removal from waters by bioremediation with the aquatic plants water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and Lesser Duckweed (Lemna minor). Bioresour Technol 99:8436–8440
Amaya-Chávez A, Martínez-Tabche L, López-López E, Galar-Martínez M (2006) Methyl parathion toxicity to and removal efficiency by Typha latifolia in water and artificial sediments. Chemosphere 63(7):1124–1129
Anawar HM, Garcia-Sanchez A, Alam MT, Majibur RM (2008) Phytofiltration of water polluted with arsenic and heavy metals. Int J Environ Pollut 33:292–312
Ansede JH, Pellechia PJ, Yoch DC (1999) Selenium biotransformation by the salt marsh cordgrass Spartina alterniflora: evidence for dimethylseleniopropionate formation. Environ Sci Technol 33:2064
Arenas A, Marcó D, Torres G (2011) Evaluation of the plant Lemna minor for the bioremediation of water contaminated with mercury. Avances en ciencias e ingeniería 2:1–11
Arora A, Saxena S, Sharma DK (2006) Tolerance and phytoaccumulation of chromium by three Azolla species. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 22:97
Arvind P, Prasad MNV (2005) Cadmium-zinc interactions in a hydroponic system using Ceratophyllum demersum: adaptive ecophysiology, biochemistry and molecular toxicology. Braz J Plant Physiol 17:3–20
Aslam MM, Hassan S, Baig MA (2010) Removal of metals from the refinery wastewater through vertical flow constructed wetlands. Int J Agric Biol 12:796–798
Azeez NM, Sabbar AA (2012) Efficiency of duckweed (Lemna minor) in phytotreatment of wastewater pollutants from basrah oil refinery. J Appl Phytotechnol Environ Sanit 1:163–172
Bankstona JL, Solab DL, Komora AT, Dwyera DF (2002) Degradation of trichloroethylene in wetland microcosms containing broad-leaved cattail and eastern cottonwood. Water Res 36:1539–1546
Barber JT, Sharma HA, Ensley HE (1995) Detoxification of phenol by the aquatic angiosperm, Lemna gibba. Chemosphere 31:3567
Begum A, HariKrishna S (2010) Bioaccumulation of trace metals by aquatic plants. Int J Chem Technol Res 2:250–254
Benaroya RO, Tzin V, Tel-Or E, Zamski E (2004) Lead accumulation in the aquatic fern Azolla filiculoides. Plant Physiol Biochem 42:639
Bennicelli R, Stezpniewska Z, Banach A, Szajnocha K, Ostrowski J (2004) The ability of Azolla caroliniana to remove heavy metals (Hg(II), Cr(III), Cr(VI)) from municipal waste water. Chemosphere 55:141–146
Best EPH, Zappi ME, Fredrickson HL, Sprecher SL, Larson SL, Ochman M (1997) Screening of aquatic and wetland plant species for phytoremediation of explosives-contaminated groundwater from the Iowa army ammunition plant. Ann N Y Acad Sci 829:179
Best EP, Miller JL, Fredrickson HL, Larson SL, Zappi ME (1998) Explosives removal from groundwater of the Iowa army ammunition plant in continuous-flow laboratory systems planted with aquatic and wetland plants. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment station Vicksburg ms Environmental Lab, Vicksburg
Best EP, Sprecher SL, Larson SL, Fredrickson HL, Bader DF (1999a) Environmental behavior of explosives in groundwater from the Milan army ammunition plant in aquatic and wetland plant treatments. Removal, mass balances and fate in groundwater of TNT and RDX. Chemosphere 38(14):3383–3396
Best EPH, Sprecher SL, Larson SL, Fredrickson HL, Bader DF (1999b) Environmental behavior of explosives in groundwater from the Milan army ammunition plant in aquatic and wetland plant treatments. Uptake and fate of TNT and RDX in plants. Chemosphere 39:2057
Bhadra R, Spanggord RJ, Wayment DG, Hughes JB, Shanks JV (1999) Characterization of oxidation products of TNT metabolism in aquatic phytoremediation systems of Myriophyllum aquaticum. Environ Sci Technol 33:3354
Bhadra R, Wayment DG, Williams RK, Barman SN, Stone MB, Hughes JB, Shanks JV (2001) Studies on plant-mediated fate of the explosives RDX and HMX. Chemosphere 44:1259
Bolsunovski˘ AI, Ermakov AI, Burger M, Degermendzhi AG, Sobolev AI (2002) Accumulation of industrial radionuclides by the Yenisei River aquatic plants in the area affected by the activity of the mining and chemical plant. Radiat Biol Radioecol 42:194
Bolsunovsky A, Zotina T, Bondareva L (2005) Accumulation and release of 241Am by a macrophyte of the Yenisei River (Elodea canadensis). J Environ Radioact 81:33
Borkar RP, Mahatme PS (2011) Wastewater treatment with vertical flow constructed wetland. Int J Environ Sci 2:590–603
Bunluesin S, Kruatrachue M, Pokethitiyook P, Upatham S, Lanza GR (2007) Batch and continuous packed column studies of cadmium biosorption by Hydrilla verticillata biomass. J Biosci Bioeng 103:509–513
Buta E, Paulette L, Mihaiescu T, Buta M, Cantor M (2011) The influence of heavy metals on growth and development of Eichhornia crassipes species, cultivated in contaminated water. Horti Agrobot 39(2):135–141
Calheiros CSC, Rangel AOSS, Castro PML (2007) Constructed wetland systems vegetated with different plants applied to the treatment of tannery wastewater. Water Res 41:1790–1798
Calheiros CSC, Rangel AOSS, Castro PML (2009) Treatment of industrial wastewater with two-stage constructed wetlands planted with Typha latifolia and Phragmites australis. Int J Environ Sci Technol 6(2):243–248
Carbonell AA, Aarabi MA, Delaune RD, Gambrell RP, Patrick WH Jr (1998) Arsenic in wetland vegetation: availability, phytotoxicity, uptake and effects on plant growth and nutrition. Sci Total Environ 217:189
Carvalho KM, Martin DF (2001) Removal of aqueous selenium by four aquatic plants. J Aquat Plant Manag 39:33–36
Castro-Carrillo LA, Delgadillo-Martínez J, Ferrera-Cerrato R, Alarcón A (2008) Phenanthrene dissipation by Azolla caroliniana utilizing bioaugmentation with hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms. Interciencia 33:1–7
Chale FMM (2012) Nutrient removal in domestic wastewater using common reed (Phragmites mauritianus) in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands. Tanzania J Nat Appl Sci 3:495–499, Online ISSN 1821–7249 2012
Cheng J, Landesman I, Bergmann A, Classen JJ, Howard JW, Yamamoto YT (2002) Nutrient removal from swine lagoon liquid by Lemna minor 8627. Trans Asae 45(4):1003–1010
Chris A, Masih J, Abraham G (2011) Growth, photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant responses of Azolla filiculoides to monocrotophos toxicity. J Chem Pharm Res 3(3):381–388
Clijsters H, Cuypers A, Vangronsveld J (1999) Physiological response to heavy metals in higher plants, defence against oxidative stress. Zeitschrift fur Naturforsch 54c:730–734
Cohen MF, Williams J, Yamasaki H (2002) Biodegradation of diesel fuel by an Azolla derived bacterial consortium. J Environ Sci Health Part A Toxic/Hazard Subst Environ Eng A37(9):1593–1606
Cortes-Esquive JA, Giácoman-Vallejos G, Barceló-Quintal ID, Méndez-Novelo R, Ponce-Caballero MC (2012) Heavy metals removal from swine wastewater using constructed wetlands with horizontal sub-surface flow. J Environ Prot 3:871–877
Costa ML, Santos MC, Carrapiço F (1999) Biomass characterization of Azolla filiculoides grown in natural ecosystems and wastewater. Hydrobiologia 415:323–327
Davies LC, Carias CC, Novais JM, Martins-Dias S (2005) Phytoremediation of textile effluents containing azo dye by using Phragmites australis in a vertical flow intermittent feeding constructed wetland. Ecol Eng 25:594–605
Day JA, Saunders FM (2004) Glycoside formation from chlorophenols in Lemna minor. Environ Toxicol Chem 25:613
DeBusk TA, Reddy KR (1987) Density requirements to maximise the productivity of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart] Solms). In: Reddy KR, Smith WH (eds) Aquatic plants for water treatment and resource recovery. Magnolia Publishing Inc, Orlando, FL, pp 673–680, 1032 p
Del-Campo Marıń CM, Oron G (2007) Boron removal by the duckweed Lemna gibba: a potential method for the remediation of boron-polluted waters. Water Res 41:4579–4584
Delgado M, Bigeriego M, Guardiola E (1993) Uptake of Zn, Cr and Cd by water hyacinth. Water Res 27:269
Demirezen D, Aksoy A (2006) Common hydrophytes as bioindicators of iron and manganese pollution. Ecol Indicators 6:388–393
Deval CG, Mane AV, Joshi NP, Saratale GD (2012) Phytoremediation potential of aquatic macrophyte Azolla caroliniana with references to zinc plating effluent. Emir J Food Agric 24(3):208–223
Dhir B (2010) Use of aquatic plants in removing heavy metals from wastewater. Int J Environ Eng 2(1/2/3):185–201
Dhir B, Srivastava S (2011) Heavy metal removal from a multi-metal solution and wastewater by Salvinia natans. Ecol Eng 37:893–896
Dhir B, Sharmila P, Saradhi PP (2008) Photosynthetic performance of Salvinia natans exposed to chromium and zinc rich wastewater. Braz J Plant Physiol 20:61–70
Dhir B, Sharmila P, Saradhi PP (2009) Potential of aquatic macrophytes for removing contaminants from the environment. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 39:754–781
Dixit S, Dhote S (2010) Evaluation of uptake rate of heavy metals by Eichhornia crassipes and Hydrilla verticillata. Environ Monit Assess 169(1–4):367–374
Dixit S, Tiwari S (2007) Effective utilization of an aquatic weed in an eco-friendly treatment of polluted water bodies. J Appl Sci Environ Manage 11(3):41–44
Dixit S, Dhote S, Dubey R, Vaidya HM, Das RJ (2010) Sorption characteristics of heavy metal ions by aquatic weed. Desalination Water Treat 20:307–312
Dogan M, Saygideger SD, Colak U (2009) Effect of lead toxicity on aquatic macrophyte Elodea canadensis Michx. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 83:249–254
Dordio AV, Carvalho PAJ, Estêvão CAJ, Pinto AP, Cristina C (2007) Removal of pharmaceuticals in constructed wetlands using Typha and LECA. A pilot study. http://dspace.uevora.pt/rdpc/bitstream/10174/1290/1/AnaDordio_Wetpol2007-2.pdf
Dordio AV, Duarte C, Barreiros M, Carvalho AJ, Pinto AP, da Costa CT (2009) Toxicity and removal efficiency of pharmaceutical metabolite clofibric acid by Typha spp.potential use for phytoremediation. Bioresour Technol 100(3):1156–1161
Dordio AV, Ferroa R, Teixeiraab D, Palaceac AJ, Pintoab AP, Diasac CMB (2011) Study on the use of Typha spp. for the phytotreatment of water contaminated with ibuprofen. Int J Environ Anal Chem 91:654–667
Dosnon-olette R, Couderchet M, Oturan MA, Oturan N, Eullaffroy P (2011) Potential use of Lemna minor for the phytoremediation of isoproturon and glyphosate. Int J Phytoremediation 13(6):601–612
El-Kheir WA, Ismail G, El-nour FA, Tawfik T, Hammad D (2007) Assessment of the efficiency of duckweed (Lemna gibba) in wastewater treatment. Int J Agric Biol 9:681–687
El-Shinawy RMK, Abdel-Malik WEY (1980) Retention of radionuclides by some aquatic fresh water plants. Hydrobiology 69:125
Ena A, Carlozzi P, Pushparaj B, Paperi R, Carnevale S, Sacchi A (2007) Ability of the aquatic fern Azolla to remove chemical oxygen demand and polyphenols from olive mill effluent. Grasas y Aceites 58(1), Enero-Marzo 34–39
Ensley HE, Barber JT, Polita MA, Oliver AI (1994) Toxicity and metabolism of 2, 4-dichlorophenol by aquatic angiosperm Lemna gibba. Environ Toxicol Chem 13:325
Espinoza-Quiñones FR, Módenes AN, Costa IL Jr, Palácio SM, Daniela NS, Trigueros EG, Kroumov AD, Silva EA (2009) Kinetics of lead bioaccumulation from a hydroponic medium by aquatic macrophytes Pistia stratiotes. Water Air Soil Pollut 203:29–37
Estrella-Gómeza NE, Sauri-Duchb E, Zapata-Pérezc O, Santamaría JM (2012) Glutathione plays a role in protecting leaves of Salvinia minima from Pb2+ damage associated with changes in the expression of SmGS genes and increased activity of GS. Environ Exp Bot 75:188–194
Fernandez RT, Whitwell T, Riley MB, Bernard CR (1999) Evaluating semiaquatic herbaceous perennials for use in herbicide phytoremediation. J Am Soc Horticult Sci 124:539
Feuillebois R, Gum J, Woodring K, Carvalho-Knighton KM (2006) TNT remediation with Lemna minor. Georgia World Congress Center. The 231st ACS national meeting, Atlanta, GA, 26–30 Mar 2006
Forni C, Patrizi C, Migliore L (2006) Floating aquatic macrophytes as a decontamination tool for antimicrobial drugs. In: Twardowska I et al (eds) Soil and water pollution monitoring, protection and remediation. Springer, pp 3–23
Fornia C, Cascone A, Fioric M, Migliorea L (2002) Sulphadimethoxine and Azolla filiculoides Lam.: a model for drug remediation. Water Res 36:3398–3403
Foroughi M (2011a) Investigation of the influence of Ceratophyllum demersum to refine diluted compost latex. J Appl Sci Environ Manage 15(2):371–374
Foroughi M (2011b) Role of Ceratophyllum demersum in recycling macro elements from wastewater. J Appl Sci Environ Manage 15(2):401–405
Foroughi M, Najafi P, Toghiani S (2010) Trace elements removal from waster water by Ceratophyllum demersum. J Appl Sci Environ Manage 15:197–201
Fritioff A, Greger M (2006) Uptake and distribution of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb in an aquatic plant Potamogeton natans. Chemosphere 63:220–227
Fritioff A, Kautsky L, Greger M (2005) Influence of temperature and salinity on heavy metal. Environ Pollut 133:265–274
Gallardo-Williams MT, Whalen VA, Benson RF, Martin DF (2002) Accumulation and retention of lead by cattail (Typha domingensis), hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), and duckweed (Lemna obscura). J Environ Sci Health A Toxic Hazard Subst Environ Eng 37(8):1399–1408
Gao J, Garrison AW, Mazur CS, Wolfe NL, Hoehamer CF (2000a) Uptake and phytotransformation of o, p′-DDT and p, p′-DDT by axenically cultivated aquatic plants. J Agric Food Chem 48(12):6121–6127
Gao J, Garrison AW, Hoehamen C, Mazur CS, Wolfe NL (2000b) Uptake and phytotransformation of organophosphorous pesticide by axenically cultivated aquatic plants. J Agric Food Chem 48:6114
Gardner JL, Al-Hamdani SH (1997) Interactive effects of aluminum and humic substances on Salvinia. J Aquat Plant Manage 35:30–34
Garrison AW, Nzengung VA, Avants JK, Ellington JJ, Jones WJ, Rennels D, Wolfe NL (2000) Phytode-gradation of p, p′-DDT and the enantiomers of o, p′-DDT. Environ Sci Technol 34:1663
Ghabbour EA, Davies G, Lam YY, Vozzella ME (2004) Metal binding by humic acids isolated from water hyacinth plants (Eichhornia crassipes) [Mart.] (SolmLaubach: Pontedericeae) in the Nile Delta, Egypt. J Environ Pollut 131:445–451
Gobas EAPC, McNeil EJ, Lovett-Doust L, Haffner GD (1991) Bioconcentration of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic macrophytes. Environ Sci Technol 25:924
Gonzalez-Mendoza D, Ramoza-Perez F, Gremaldo-Juarez O, Escoboza-Garcia F, Soto-Ortiz R (2011) Physiological responses of Azolla caroliniana exposure to cadmium. World J Agric Sci 7(3):347–350
Gopinath, Karthikeyan, Sivakumar, Magesh, Mohana-Sundaram, Poongodi, Ramesh, Rajamohan (2012) Studies on removal of malachite green from aqueous solution by sorption method sing water hyacinth – Eichornia crassipes roots. J Biodivers Environ Sci 2:1–8
Gray JL, Sedlak DL (2005) The fate of estrogenic hormones in an engineered treatment wetland with dense macrophytes. Water Environ Res 77:24
Gross A, Kaplan D, Baker K (2007) Removal of chemical and microbiological contaminants from domestic greywater using a recycled vertical flow bioreactor (RVFB). Ecol Eng 3(1):107–114
Gupta M, Chandra P (1994) Lead contamination in Vallisnaria spiralis and Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.). Royle J Environ Sci Health A29:503–516
Gupta M, Chandra P (1996) Bioaccumulation and physiological changes in Hydrilla verticillata (l.f.) Royle in response to mercury bull. Environ Contam Toxicol 56:319–326
Gupta M, Rai UN, Tripathi RD, Chandra P (1995) Lead induced changes in glutathione and phytochelatin in Hydrilla verticillate. Chemosphere 30:2011–2020
Hadad HR, Mufarrege MM, Pinciroli M, Di Luca GA, Maine MA (2010) Morphological response of Typha domingensis to an industrial effluent containing heavy metals in a constructed wetland. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 58(3):666–675
Haeba M, Bláha L (2011) Comparison of different endpoints responses in aquatic plant Lemna minor exposed to ketoconazole. Egypt J Nat Toxins 8(1, 2):49–57
Hafez N, Abdalla S, Ramadan YS (1998) Accumulation of phenol by Potamogeton crispus from aqueous industrial waste. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 60:944
Hansen AT, Stark RA, Hondzo M (2011) Uptake of dissolved nickel by Elodea canadensis and epiphytes influenced by fluid flow conditions. Hydrobiologia 658:127–138
Hanson ML, Sibley PK, Ellis DA, Fineberg NA, Mabury SA, Solomon KR, Muir DC (2002) Trichloroacetic acid fate and toxicity to the macrophytes Myriophyllum spicatum and Myriophyllum sibiricum under field conditions. Aquat Toxicol 56:241–255
Hattink J, Wolterbeek HT (2001) Accumulation of 99Tc in duckweed Lemna minor L. as a function of growth rate and 99Tc concentration. J Environ Radioact 57:117–138
Hattink J, De Goeij JJM, Wolterbeek HT (2000) Uptake kinetics of 99Tc in common duckweed. Environ Exp Bot 44:9–13
Hegazy AK, Abdel-Ghani NT, El-Chaghaby GA (2011) Phytoremediation of industrial wastewater potentiality by Typha domingensis. Int J Environ Sci Technol 8:639–648
Hench KR, Bissonnette GK, Sexstone AJ, Coleman JG, Garbutt K, Skousen JG (2003) Fate of physical, chemical, and microbial contaminants in domestic wastewater following treatment by small constructed wetlands. Water Res 37:921–927
Hoffman T, Kutter C, Santamaria JM (2004) Capacity of Salvinia minima Baker to tolerate and accumulate As and Pb. Eng Life Sci 4:61–65
Holtra A, Traczewska TM, Sitarska M, Zamorska-Wojdyla M (2010) Assessment of the phytoremediation efficacy of boron-contaminated waters by Salvinia natans. Environ Prot Eng 36:87–94
Hopple JA, Foster GD (1996) Hydrophobic organochlorine compounds sequestered in submersed aquatic macrophytes (Hydrilla verticillata (L.F.) Royle) from the tidal Potomac River (USA). Environ Pollut 94:39–46
Hu C, Zhang L, Hamilton D, Zhou W, Yang T, Zhu D (2007) Physiological responses induced by copper bioaccumulation in Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.). Hydrobiologia 579:211–218
Hua J, Zhang C, Yin Y, Chen R, Wang X (2011) Phytoremediation potential of three aquatic macrophytes in manganese- contaminated water. Water Environ J 26:335–342
Hughes JB, Shanks JE, Vanderford MY, Lauritzen J, Bhadra R (1997) Transformation of TNT by aquatic plants and plant tissue cultures. Environ Sci Technol 31:266–271
Hussain ST, Mahmood T, Malik SA (2010) Phytoremediation technologies for Ni++ by water hyacinth. Afr J Biotechnol 9(50):8648–8660
Jafari N (2010) Ecological and socio-economic utilization of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Mart Solms). J Appl Sci Environ Manage 14(2):43–49
Kadirvelu K, Karthika C, Vennilamani N, Pattabhi S (2005) Activated carbon from industrial solid waste as an adsorbent for the removal of Rhodamine-B from aqueous solution: kinetic and equilibrium studies. Chemosphere 60:1009–1017
Kalipci E (2011) Investigation of decontamination effect of Phragmites australis for Konya domestic wastewater treatment. J Med Plants Res 5(29):6571–6577
Kamarudzaman AN, Ismail NS, Aziz RA, Ab Jalil MF (2011) Removal of nutrients from landfill leachate using subsurface flow constructed wetland planted with Limnocharis flava and Scirpus atrovirens. In: International conference on environmental and computer science, IPCBEE, vol 19, IACSIT Press, Singapore
Kanabkaew T, Puetpaiboon U (2004) Aquatic plants for domestic wastewater treatment: Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) and Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) systems. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 26(5):749–756
Kara Y (2010) Bioaccumulation of nickel by aquatic macrophytes. Desalination Water Treat 19:325–328
Kara Y, Kara I (2005) Removal of cadmium from water using duckweed (Lemna trisulca). Int J Agric Biol 7:660–662
Khellaf N, Zerdaoui M (2010a) Growth response of the duckweed Lemna gibba to copper and nickel phytoaccumulation. Ecotoxicology 19:1363–1368
Khellaf N, Zerdaoui M (2010b) Growth, photosynthesis and respiratory response to copper in Lemna minor: a potential use of duckweed in biomonitoring. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng 7:299–306
King JK, Harmon SM, Fu TT, Gladden JB (2002) Mercury removal, methylmercury formation, and sulfate-reducing bacteria profiles in wetland mesocosms. Chemosphere 46:859–870
Knuteson SL, Whitwell T, Klaine SJ (2002) Influence of plant age and size on simazine uptake and toxicity. J Environ Qual 31:2090
Kondo K, Kawabata H, Ueda S, Hasegawa H, Inaba J, Mitamura O, Seike Y, Ohmomo Y (2003) Distribution of aquatic plants and absorption of radionuclides by plants through the leaf surface in brackish Lake Obuchi, Japan, bordered by nuclear fuel cycle facilities. J Radioanalytical Nuclear Chem 257:305
Kristanti RA, Kanbe M, Toyama T, Tanaka Y, Tang Y, Wu X, Mori K (2012) Accelerated biodegradation of nitrophenols in the rhizosphere of Spirodela polyrrhiza. J Environ Sci (China) 24(5):800–807
Kumar GP, Prasad MNV (2004) Cadmium adsorption and accumulation by Ceratophyllum demersum L.: A fresh water macrophyte. Eur J Miner Process Environ Protect 4:95–101
Kumar PS, Kumar SS, Anuradha K, Sudha B, Ansari S (2012) Phytoremediation as an alternative for treatment of paper industry effluents by using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) – a polishing treatment. Int J Res Chem Environ 2:95–99
Kutty SRM, Ngatenah SNIB, Isa MH, Malakahmad A (2009) Nutrients removal from municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent using Eichhornia Crassipes. World Acad Sci Eng Technol 36:828–833
Lacher C, Smith RW (2002) Sorption kinetics of Hg(II) onto Potamogeton natans biomass. Eur J MinerProcess Environ Protect 2:220–231
Larson R, Sims G, Marley K, Montez-Ellis M, Paul T, Michelle C (2002) Nitrate management using terrestrial and aquatic plant species. http://igc.siu.edu/proceedings/02/larson.pdf
Leblebici Z, Aksoy A (2011) Growth and lead accumulation capacity of Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza (lemnaceae): interactions with nutrient enrichment. Water Air Soil Pollut 214:175–184
Lee KE, Huggins DG, Thurman EM (1995) Effects of hydrophyte community structure on Atrazine and Alachlor degradation in wetlands. systematics and ecology. In: Campbell KL (ed) Versatility of wetlands in the agricultural landscape. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Tampa, pp 525–538
Lesage E, Mundia C, Rousseau DPL, Van de Moortel AMK, Laing GD, Tack FMG, De Pauw N, Verloo MG (2008) Removal of heavy metals from industrial effluents by the submerged aquatic plant Myriophyllum spicatum L. In: Vyamazal J (ed) Wastewater Treatment, Plant Dynamics and Management in Constructed and Natural Wetlands. Springer, pp 211–221
Lohi A, Cuenca MA, Anania G, Upreti SR, Wan L (2008) Biodegradation of diesel fuel-contaminated wastewater using a three-phase fluidized bed reactor. J Hazard Mater 154:105–111
Lovett-Doust J, Lovett-Doust L, Biernacki M, Mal TK, Lazar R (1997) Organic contaminants in submersed macrophytes drifting in the Detroit River. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 54(10):2417–2427
Low KS, Lee CK, Tai CH (1994) Biosorption of copper by water hyacinth roots. J Environ Sci Health A29(1):171
Lu X, Kruatrachue M, Pokethitiyook P, Homyok K (2004) Removal of cadmium and zinc by water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes. Sci Asia 30:93–103
Lu X, Nguyen N, Gabos S, Le XC (2009) Arsenic speciation in cattail (Typha latifolia) using chromatography and mass spectrometry. Mol Nutr Food Res 53(5):566–571
Lu Q, He ZL, Graetz DA, Stoffella PJ, Yang X (2010) Phytoremediation to remove nutrients and improve eutrophic stormwaters using water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.). Environ Sci Pollut Res 17:84–96
Lu Q, Zhenli LH, Graetz DA, Stoffella PJ, Yang X (2011) Uptake and distribution of metals by water lettuce (Pistia stra tiotes L.). Environ Sci Pollut Res 18:978–986
Machate T, Noll H, Behrens H, Kettrup A (1997) Degradation of phenanthracene and hydraulic characteristics in constructed wetland. Water Res 31:554
Mahamadi C (2011) Water hyacinth as a biosorbent: a review. Afr J Environ Sci Technol 5(13):1137–1145
Mahmood T, Malik SA, Hussain ST (2010) Biosorption and recovery of heavy metals from aqueous solutions by Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) ash. Bioresource 5(2):1244–1256
Maine MA, Duarte MV, Sun˜ e’ NL (2001) Cadmium uptake by floating macrophytes. Water Res 35:2629–2634
Maine AM, Sune NL, Lagger SC (2004) Bioaccumulation: comparison of the capacity of two aquatic macrophytes. Water Res 38:1494
Mane PC, Bhosle AB, Kulkarni PA (2011) Biosorption and biochemical study on water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) with reference to selenium. Arch Appl Sci Res 3(1):222–229
Manios T, Stentiford EI, Millner P (2003) Removal of heavy metals from a metaliferous water solution by Typha latifolia plants and sewage sludge compost. Chemosphere 53:487–494
Matamoros V, Nguyen LX, Arias CA, Salvadó V, Brix H (2012) Evaluation of aquatic plants for removing polar microcontaminants: a microcosm experiment. Chemosphere 88(10):1257–1264
Miretzky P, Saralegui A, Cirelli AF (2004) Aquatic macrophytes potential for simultaneous removal of heavy metals (Buenos Aires, Argentine). Chemosphere 57:997
Miretzky P, Saralegui A, Cirelli AF (2006) Simultaneous heavy metal removal mechanism by dead macrophytes. Chemosphere 62:247–254
Mkandawire M, Dudel G (2005) Accumulation of arsenic in Lemna gibba (duckweed) in tailing waters of two abandoned uranium mining sites in Saxony, Germany. Sci Total Environ 336:81–89
Mkandawire M, Dudel EG (2007) Are Lemna spp. Effective phytoremediation agents ? Bioremediation Biodivers Bioavailab 1:56–71
Mkandawire M, Lyubun YV, Kosterin PV, Dudel EG (2004a) Toxicity of arsenic species to Lemna gibba L. and the influence of phosphate on arsenic bioavailability. Environ Toxicol 19:26–35
Mkandawire M, Taubert B, Dudel EG (2004b) Capacity of Lemna gibba L. (duckweed) for uranium and arsenic phytoremediation in mine tailing waters. Int J Phytoremediation 6(4):347–362
Mojiri A (2012) Phytoremediation of heavy metals from municipal wastewater by Typha domingensis. Afr J Microbiol Res 6(3):643–647
Mokhtar H, Morad N, Fizri FFA (2011) Hyperaccumulation of copper by two species of aquatic plants. In: International conference on environment science and engineering IPCBEE 8. IACSIT Press, Singapore, pp 115–118
Molisani MM, Rocha R, Machado W, Barreto RC, Lacerda ID (2006) Mercury contents in aquatic macrophytes from two Reservoirs in the para’ıba do sul: Guandu river system, Se, Brazil. Braz J Biol 66:101
Murithi G, Onindo CO, Muthakia GK (2012) Kinetic and equilibrium study for the sorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous phase by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Bull Chem Soc Ethiopia 26(2):181–193
Muthunarayanan V, Santhiya M, Swabna V, Geetha A (2011) Phytodegradation of textile dyes by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) from aqueous dye solutions. Int J Environ Sci 7:1709–1724
Narain S, Ojha CSP, Mishra SK, Chaube UC, Sharma PK (2011) Cadmium and chromium removal by aquatic plant. Int J Environ Sci 1:1297–1304
Nesterenko-Malkovskaya A, Kirzhner F, Zimmels Y, Armon R (2012) Eichhornia crassipes capability to remove naphthalene from wastewater in the absence of bacteria. Chemosphere 87(10):1186–1191
Nguyen TTT, Davy F B, Rimmer M, De Silva S (2009) Use and exchange of genetic resources of emerging species for aquaculture and other purposes. FAO/NACA expert meeting on the use and exchange of aquatic genetic resources relevant for food and agriculture, 31 March–02 April 2009, Chonburi, Thailand
Nichols PB, Couch JD, Al-Hamdani SH (2000) Selected physiological responses of Salvinia minima to different chromium concentrations. Aquat Bot 1439:1–8
Nilratnisakorn S, Thiravetyan P, Nakbanpote W (2009) A constructed wetland model for synthetic reactive dye wastewater treatment by narrow-leaved cattails (Typha angustifolia Linn.). Water Sci Technol 60(6):1565–1574, AUTHOR(S)
Nzengung VA, Lee NW, Rennels DE, McCutcheon SC, Wang C (1999) Use of aquatic plants and algae for decontamination of waters polluted with chlorinated alkanes. Int J Phytoremediation 1:203
Obek E, Sasmaz A (2011) Bioaccumulation of aluminum by Lemna gibba from secondary treated municipal wastewater effluents. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 86(2):217–220
Odjegba VJ, Fasidi IO (2006) Effects of heavy metals on some proximate composition of Eichhornia crassipes. J Appl Sci Environ Manage 10(1):83–87
Olette R, Couderchet M, Biagianti S, Eullaffroy P (2008) Toxicity and removal of pesticides by selected aquatic plants. Chemosphere 70(8):1414–1421
Ong S, Ho L, Wong Y, Danny LD, Samad H (2011) Semi-batch operated constructed wetlands planted with Phragmites australis for treatment of dyeing wastewater. J Eng Sci Technol 6:619–627
Ortega-Clementea LA, Luna-Pabellob VM (2012) Dynamic performance of a constructed wetland to treat lindane-contaminated water. Int Res J Eng Sci Technol Innov 1(2):57–65
Osmolovskaya N, Kurilenko V (2005) Macrophytes in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated water and sediments in urban inland ponds. Geophys Res Abstr 7:10510
Panich-pat T, Srinives P, Kruatrachue M, Pokethitiyook P, Upathamd S, Lanzae GR (2005) Electron microscopic studies on localization of lead in organs of Typha angustifolia grown on contaminated soil. ScienceAsia 31:49–53
Paola IM, Paciolla C, D’aquino L, Morgana M, Tommasi F (2007) Effect of rare earth elements on growth and antioxidant metabolism in Lemna minor. Caryologia 60:125–128
Parra LM, Torres G, Arenas AD, Sánchez E, Rodríguez K (2012) Phytoremediation of low levels of heavy metals using duckweed (Lemna minor). In: Ahmad P, Prasad MNV (eds) Abiotic stress responses in plants: metabolism, productivity and sustainability. Springer, pp 451–463
Pavlostathis SG, Comstock KK, Jacobson ME, Saunders FM (1998) Transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by the aquatic plant Myriophyllum aquaticum. Environ Toxicol Chem 17:2266
Peng K, Luo C, Lou L, Li X, Shen Z (2008) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by the aquatic plants Potamogeton pectinatus L. and Potamogeton malaianus Miq. and their potential use for contamination indicators and in wastewater treatment. Sci Total Environ 392(1):22–29
Phetsombat S, Kruatrachue M, Pokethitiyook P, Upatham S (2006) Toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium and lead in Salvinia cucullata. J Environ Biol 27:671–678
Polomski RF, Taylor MD, Bielenberg DG, Bridges WC, Klaine SJ, Whitwell T (2009) Nitrogen and phosphorus remediation by three floating aquatic macrophytes in greenhouse-based laboratory-scale subsurface constructed wetlands. Water Air Soil Pollut 197:223–232
Popa K, Cecal A, Humelnicu D, Caraus I, Draghici CL (2004) Removal of 60Co2+ and 137Cs+ ions from low radioactive solutions using Azolla caroliniana willd. water fern. Cent Eur J Chem 2:434
Popa K, Palamaru MN, Iordan AR, Humelnicu D, Drochioiu G, Cecal A (2006) Laboratory analyses of 60Co2+, 65Zn2+ and (55 + 59)Fe3+ radioactions uptake by Lemna minor. Isot Environ Health Stud 42:87
Prajapati SK, Meravi N, Singh S (2012) Phytoremediation of chromium and cobalt using Pistia stratiotes: a sustainable approach. Proc Int Acad Ecol Environ Sci 2(2):136–139
Prasad MNV, Malec P, Waloszek K, Bojko M, Strzalka K (2001) Physiological responses of Lemna trisulca to cadmium and copper bioaccumulation. Plant Sci 161:881–889
Prasertsup P, Ariyakanon N (2011) Removal of chlorpyrifos by water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) and duckweed (Lemna minor L.). Int J Phytoremediation 13(4):383–395
Pratas J, Rodrigues N, Alves F, Patricio J (2010) Uranium removal in artificial wetlands. In: Advances in waste management. ISBN: 978-960-474-190-8 pp 112–117
Purwanti IF, Mukhlisin M, Abdullah SRS, Basri H, Idris M, Hamzah A, Latif MT (2012) Range finding test of hydrocarbon on Scirpus mucronatus as preliminary test for phytotoxicity of contaminated soil. Revelation Sci 2:61–65
Qian JH, Zayed A, Zhu ML, Yu M, Terry N (1999) Phytoaccumulation of trace elements by wetland plants, III: uptake and accumulation of ten trace elements by twelve plant species. J Environ Qual 28:1448
Rahman MA, Hasegawa H (2011) Aquatic arsenic: phytoremediation using floating macrophytes. Chemosphere 83:633–646
Rahman MA, Hasegawa KH, Ueda K, Maki T, Okumura C, Rahman MM (2007) Arsenic accumulation in duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza L.): a good option for phytoremediation. Chemosphere 69:493–499
Rahman MA, Hasegawa H, Ueda K, Makia T, Rahman MM (2008) Arsenic uptake by aquatic macrophyte Spirodela polyrhiza L: interactions with phosphate and iron. J Hazard Mater 160:356–361
Rai PK, Tripathi BD (2009) Comparative assessment of Azolla pinnata and Vallisneria spiralis in Hg removal from G.B. Pant Sagar of Singrauli industrial region, India. Environ Monit Assess 148:75–84
Rai UN, Tripathi RD, Sinha S, Chandra P (1995) Chromium and cadmium bioaccumulation and toxicity in Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle and Chara corallina Wildenow. J Environ Sci Health A 30:537–551
Rai UN, Tripathi RD, Vajpayee P, Pandey N, Ali MB, Gupta DK (2003) Cadmium accumulation and its phytotoxicity in Potamogeton pectinatus (Potamogetonaceae). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 70:566
Rakhshaee R, Khosravi M, Ganji MT (2006) Kinetic modeling and thermodynamic study to remove Pb(II), Cd(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) from aqueous solution using dead and living Azolla filiculoides. J Hazard Mater 134:120–129
Ramamoorthy D, Kalaivani S (2011) Studies on the effect of Typha angustata (Reed) on the removal of sewage water pollutants. J Phytol 3(6):13–15
Ramprasad C (2012) Experimental study on waste water treatment using lab scale reed bed system using Phragmitis australis. Int J Environ Sci 3:297–304
Rawat SK, Rana RKS, Singh P (2012) Remediation of nitrite contamination in ground and surface waters using aquatic macrophytes. J Environ Biol 33:51–56
Rice PJ, Anderson TA, Coats JR (1997) Phytoremediation of herbicide-contaminated surface water with aquatic plants. In: Kruger EL, Anderson TA, Coats JR (eds) Phytoremediation of soil and water contaminants. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC
Rivera R, Medina VF, Larson SL, McCutcheon SC (1998) Phytotreatment of TNT-contaminated groundwater. J Soil Contam 7:511
Roy S, Hanninen O (1994) Pentachlorophenol: uptake/elimination, kinetics and metabolism in an aquatic plant, Eicchornia crassipes. Environ Toxicol Chem 13:763
Samardakiewicz S, Krzesłowska M, Bilski H, Bartosiewicz R, Woźny A (2012) Is callose a barrier for lead ions entering Lemna minor L. root cells? Protoplasma 249(2):347–351
Samdani S, Attar SJ, Kadam C, Baral SS (2008) Treatment of Cr (VI) contaminated wastewater using biosorbent, Hydrilla verticillata. Int J Eng Res Ind Appl 1:271–282, ISSN 0974–1518
Sánchez D, Graça MAS, Canhoto J (2007) Testing the use of the water Milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) in laboratory toxicity assays. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 78:421–426
Sánchez-viveros G, González-mendoza D, Alarcón A, Ferrera-cerrato R (2010) Copper effects on photosynthetic activity and membrane leakage of Azolla filiculoides and A. Caroliniana. Int J Agric Biol 12:365–366
Sasmaza A, Obek E (2012) The accumulation of silver and gold in Lemna gibba exposed to secondary effluents. Chem Erde-Geochem 72:149–152
Saulais M, Bedell JP, Delolme C (2011) Cd, Cu and Zn mobility in contaminated sediments from an infiltration basin colonized by wild plants: The case of Phalaris arundinacea and Typha latifolia. Water Sci Technol 64:255–262
Saygideger S, Dogan M, Keser G (2004) Effect of lead and pH on lead uptake, chlorophyll and nitrogen content of Typha latifolia L. and Ceratophyllum demersum L. Int J Agric Biol 6:168–172
Schneider IAH, Smith RW, Rubio J (1999) Effect of some mining chemicals on biosorption of Cu(II) by the non living biomass of the fresh water macrophyte Potamogeton lucens. Miner Eng 12:255–260
Shah RA, Kumawat DM, Singh N, Wani KA (2010) Water hyacinth (eichhornia crassipes) as a remediation tool for dye-effluent pollution. Int J Sci Nat 1(2):172–178
Shaikh PR, Bhosle A (2011) Bioaccumulation of chromium by aquatic macrophytes Hydrilla sp. & Chara sp. Adv Appl Sci Res 2(1):214–220
Sharain-Liew YL, Joseph CG, How S (2011) Biosorption of lead contaminated wastewater using cattails (Typha angustifolia) leaves: kinetic studies. J Serb Chem Soc 76(7):1037–1047
Sharif F, Westerhoff P, Herckes P (2013) Sorption of trace organics and engineered nanomaterials onto wetland plant material. Environ Sci Process Impacts. doi:10.1039/C2EM30613A Advance article
Sharma HA, Barber JT, Ensley HE, Polito MA (1997) Chlorinated phenols and phenols by Lemna gibba. Environ Toxicol Chem 16:346
Shokod’Ko TI, Drobot PI, Kuzmenko MI, Shklyar AY (1992) Peculiarities of radionuclides accumulation by higher aquatic plants. Hydrobiol J 28:92
Shuib N, Baskaran K, Davies WR, Muthukumaran S (2011) Effluent quality performance of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands using natural zeolite (escott). In: International conference on environment science and engineering IPCBEE, vol 8. IACSIT Press, Singapore
Singh NK, Pandey GC, Rai UN, Tripathi RD, Singh HB, Gupta DK (2005) Metal accumulation and ecophysiological effects of distillery effluent on Potamogeton pectinatus L. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 74:857
Singh A, Kumar CS, Agarwal A (2012a) Physiological study of combined heavy metal stress on Hydrilla verticillata (l.f.) Royle. Int J Environ Sci 2:2234–2242
Singh D, Gupta R, Tiwari A (2012b) Potential of duckweed (Lemna minor) for removal of lead from wastewaters by phytoremediation. J Pharm Res 5(3):1578–1582
Sinha S (2002) Oxidative stress induced by HCH in Hydrilla verticillata Royle: modulation in uptake and toxicity due to Fe. Chemosphere 46:281–288
Sivaci EK, Sivaci A, Sokman M (2004) Biosorption of cadmium by Myriophyllum spicatum and Myriophyllum triphyllum orchard. Chemosphere 56:1043
Sivaci A, Elmas E, Gumus F (2008a) Changes in abscisic acid contents of some aquatic plants exposed to cadmium and salinity. Int J Bot 4:104–108
Sivaci A, Fatih E, Gümüş E, Sivaci R (2008b) Removal of Cadmium by Myriophyllum heterophy Emire llum Michx. and Potamogeton crispus L. and its effect on pigments and total phenolic compounds. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 54:612–618
Smadar E, Benny C, Tel-Or E, Lorena V, Antonio C, Aharon G (2011) Removal of silver and lead Ions from water wastes using Azolla filiculoides, an aquatic plant, which adsorbs and reduces the ions into the corresponding metallic nanoparticles under microwave radiation in 5 min. Water Air Soil Pollut 218:365–370
So LM, Chu LM, Wong PK (2003) Microbial enhancement of Cu2+ removal capacity of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.). Chemosphere 52:1499–1503
Sood A, Uniyal PL, Prasanna R, Ahluwalia AS (2004) Biosorption of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn from the wastewater by treated Azolla filiculoides with H2O2/MgCl2. Int J Environ Sci Technol 1:265–271
Srivastava S, Mishra S, Tripathi RD, Dwivedi S, Gupta DK (2006) Copper-induced oxidative stress and responses of antioxidants and phytochelatins in Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. Aquat Toxicol 80:405–415
Srivastava S, Mishra R, Tripathi D, Dwivedi S, Trivedi PK, Tandon PK (2007) Phytochelatins and antioxidant systems respond differentially during arsenite and arsenate stress in Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.). Royle Environ Sci Technol 41(8):2930–2936
Srivastava S, Mishra S, Dwivedi S, Tripathi R (2010) Role of thiol metabolism in arsenic detoxification in Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. Water Air Soil Pollut 212:155–165
Srivastava S, Srivastava M, Suprasanna S, D’Souza F (2011) Phytofiltration of arsenic from simulated contaminated water using Hydrilla verticillata in field conditions. Ecol Eng 37:1937–1941
Sun Q, Liu WB, Wang C (2011) Different response of phytochelatins in two aquatic macrophytes exposed to cadmium at environmentally relevant concentrations. Afr J Biotechnol 10(33):6292–6299
Susanne A, Hendrik S (2008) Elodea nuttallii: uptake, translocation and release of phosphorus. Aquat Biol 3:209–216
Taghi ganji M, Khosravi M, Rakhshaee R (2005) Biosorption of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn from the wastewater by treated Azolla filiculoides with H2O2/MgCl2. Int J Environ Sci Technol 1:265–271
Taghi ganji M, Khosravi M, Rakhshaee R (2012) Phytoremediation potential of aquatic macrophyte, Azolla. Ambio 41:122–137
Tilaki RAD (2010) Effect of glucose and lactose on uptake of phenol by Lemna minor. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng 7:123–128
Todorovics C, Garay TM, Boltán BZ (2005) The use of the reed (Phragmites australis) in wastewater treatment on constructed wetlands. Acta Biologica Szegediensis 49(1–2):81–83
Toetz DW (1971) Diurnal uptake of nitrogen trioxide [sic] and ammonium by a Ceratophyllum-periphyton community. Limnol Oceanogr 16:819–822
Tripathi RD, Rai UN, Gupta M, Chandra P (1996) Induction of phytochelatins in Hydrilla verticillata (l.f.) Royle under cadmium stress. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 56:505–551
Tripathi RD, Rai UN, Vajpayee MB, Ali MB, Khan E, Gupta DK, Mishra S, Shukla MK, Singh SN (2003) Biochemical responses of Potamogeton pectinatus L. exposed to higher concentration of zinc. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 71:255
Tront AM, Saunders FM (2006) Role of plant activity and contaminant speciation in aquatic plant assimilation of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol. Chemosphere 64(3):400–407
Tront JM, Day JA, Saunders MF (2001) Trichlorophenol removal with Lemna minor. In: Proceedings of the water environment federation, vol 40. WEFTEC, San Diego, p 929
Tront JM, Reinhold DM, Bragg AW, Saunders FM (2007) Uptake of halogenated phenols by aquatic plants. J Environ Eng 133:955
Tukaj S, Bisewska J, Roeske K, Tukaj Z (2011) Time and dose dependent induction of HSP70 in Lemna minor exposed to different environmental stressors. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 87(3):226–230
Upadhyay R, Panda SK (2010) Influence of chromium salts on increased lipid peroxidation and differential pattern in antioxidant metabolism in Pistia stratiotes L. Braz Arch Biol Technol 53:1137–1144
Uysal Y, Taner F (2011) The evaluation of the Pb(II) removal efficiency of duckweed Lemna minor from aquatic mediums at different conditions. In: Gökçekus H, Türker U, LaMoreaux JW (eds) Survival and sustainability environmental earth sciences. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 1107–1116
Venkatrayulu C, Rani VK, Reddy DC, Ramamurthi R (2009) Bio-adsorption of copper (II) by aquatic weed plants Hydrilla and Pistia. Asian J Animal Sci 4:82–85
Vestena S, Cambraia J, Oliva MA, Oliveira JA (2007) Cadmium accumulation by water hyacinth and Salvinia under different sulfur concentrations. J Braz Soc Ecotoxicol 2:269–274
Vitória AP, Lage-Pinto F, Campaneli da Silva LB, da Cunha M, de Oliveira JG, Rezende CE, Magalhães de Souza CM, Azevedo RA (2011) Structural and ecophysiological alterations of the water hyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms] due to anthropogenic stress in Brazilian Rivers. Braz Arch Biol Technol 54:1059–1068
Wang TC, Weissman JC, Ramesh G, Varadarajan R, Benemann JR (1996) Parameters for removal of toxic heavy metals by water Milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 57:779–786
Wang J, Gu Y, Zhu Z, Wu B, Yin D (2005) Physiological responses of Ceratophyllum demersum under different nutritional conditions. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 16(2):337–340
Wang K, Huang L, Lee H, Chen P, Chang S (2008) Phytoextraction of cadmium by Ipomoea aquatica (water spinach) in hydroponic solution: effects of cadmium speciation. Chemosphere 72:666–672
Wang Q, Li Z, Cheng S, Wu Z (2010) Effects of humic acids on phytoextraction of Cu and Cd from sediment by Elodea nuttallii. Chemosphere 78:604–608
Weis JS, Weis P (2004) Metal uptake, transport and release by wetland plants: implications for phytoremediation and restoration. Environ Int 30:685
Weltje L, Brouwer AH, Verburg TG, Wolterbeek HT, de Goeij JJM (2002) Accumulation and elimination of lanthanum by duckweed (Lemna minor L.) As influenced by organism growth and lanthanum sorption to glass. Environ Toxicol Chem 21:1483–1489
Wilson PC, Whitwell T, Klaine SJ (2000) Metalaxyl and simazine toxicity to and uptake by Typha latifolia. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 39:282–288
Win DT, Than MM, Tun S (2002) Iron removal from industrial waters by water hyacinth. Aust J Technol 6(2):55–60
Win DT, Than MM, Tun S (2003) Lead removal from industrial waters by water hyacinth. Aust J Technol 6(4):187–192
Windham L, Weis JS, Weis P (2001) Lead uptake, distribution and effects in two dominant salt marsh macrophytes Spartina alterniflora (cordgrass) and Phragmites australis (commonreed). Mar Pollut Bull 42:811
Windham L, Weis JS, Weis P (2003) Uptake and distribution of metals in two dominant salt marsh macrophytes, Spartina alterniflora (cordgrass) and Phragmites australis (common reed). Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 56:63
Wolf SD, Lassiter RR, Wooten SE (1991) Predicting chemical accumulation in shoots of aquatic plants. Environ Toxicol Chem 10:655
Wolff G, Pereira GC, Castro EM, Louzada J, Coelho FF (2012) The use of Salvinia auriculata as a bioindicator in aquatic ecosystems: biomass and structure dependent on the cadmium concentration. Braz J Biol 72, doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842012000100009
Wolverton BC, McDonald R (1979) The water hyacinth: from profilic pest to potential provider. Ambio 8:2–9
Xia H, Ma X (2006) Phytoremediation of ethion by water hyacinth from water. Bioresour Technol 97:1050–1054
Xia J, Wu L, Tao Q (2002a) Phytoremediation of methyl parathion by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Solm.). Chem Abstr 137:155879
Xia J, Wu L, Tao Q (2002b) Phytoremediation of some pesticides by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Solm.). Chem Abstr 138:390447
Xing W, Li D, Liu G (2010) Antioxidative responses of Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) H. St. John to short-term iron exposure. Plant Physiol Biochem 48:873–878
Xue PY, Li GX, Liu WJ, Yan CZ (2010) Copper uptake and translocation in a submerged aquatic plant Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. Chemosphere 81(9):1098–1103
Xue P, Yan C, Sun G, Luo Z (2012) Arsenic accumulation and speciation in the submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum L. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 19:3969–3976
Yadav SB, Jadhav AS, Chonde SG, Raut PD (2011) Performance evaluation of surface flow constructed wetland system by using Eichhornia crassipes for wastewater treatment in an institutional complex. Univ J Environ Res Technol 1:435–444
Yang Q, Chen ZH, Zhao JG, Gu BH (2007) Contaminant removal of domestic wastewater by constructed wetlands: effects of plant species. J Integr Plant Biol 49(4):437–446
Ye ZH, Baker AJM, Wong MH, Willis AJ (1997) Zinc, lead and cadmium tolerance, uptake and accumulation by Typha latifolia. New Phytol 136:469
Ye ZH, Cheung KC, Wong MH (2001) Copper uptake in Typha latifolia as affected by iron and manganese plaque on the root surface. Can J Bot 79:314–320
Zayed A, Gowthaman S, Terry N (1998) Phytoaccumulation of trace elements by wetland plants, I: Duckweed. J Environ Qual 27:715
Zayed A, Pilon-Smits E, de Souza M, Lin ZQ, Terry N (2000) Remediation of selenium polluted soils and waters by phytovolatilization. In: Terry N, Barnuelos G (eds) Phytoremediation of contaminated soil and water. Lewis, Boca Raton, p 61
Zhang X, Lin AJ, Zhao FJ, Xu GZ, Duan GL, Zhu YG (2008a) Arsenic accumulation by the aquatic fern Azolla: comparison of arsenate uptake, speciation and efflux by Azolla caroliniana and Azolla filiculoides. Environ Pollut 156:1149–1155
Zhang Z, Wu Z, Li H (2008b) The accumulation of alkylphenols in submersed plants in spring in urban lake, China. Chemosphere 73:859–863
Zhang X, Hu Y, Liu Y, Chen B (2011) Arsenic uptake, accumulation and phytofiltration by duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza L.). J Environ Sci (China) 23(4):601–606
Zhu YL, Zayed AM, Qian JH, Souza M, Terry N (1999) Phytoaccumulation of trace elements by wetland plants. II water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). J Environ Qual 28:339
Acknowledgements
The pictures and data acquired from website Google are gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer India
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dhir, B. (2013). Aquatic Plant Species and Removal of Contaminants. In: Phytoremediation: Role of Aquatic Plants in Environmental Clean-Up. Springer, India. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1307-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1307-9_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, India
Print ISBN: 978-81-322-1306-2
Online ISBN: 978-81-322-1307-9
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)