Formulation and Testing of Hypothesis

Abstract

The main objective of the researchers is to study the population behavior to draw the inferences about the population, and in doing so, in most of the cases the researcher uses sample observations. As samples are part of the population, there are possibilities of difference in sample behavior from that of population behavior. Thus, the process/technique is of knowing accurately and efficiently the unknown population behavior from the statistical analysis of the sample behavior—known as statistical inference.

Appendix

Table A.1 Table of random numbers

Table A.2 Table of area under standard normal curve

Table A.3 Table of t statistics

Table A.4 Table of F statistic (5% level of significance)

Table A.5 Table of F statistic (1% level of significance)

Table A.6 Table of cumulative distribution of ${\chi^2}$

Table A.7 Table of critical values of simple and partial correlation coefficients

Table A.8 Table for one-sided and both-sided K–S one sample statistic

Table A.9 Critical values for K–S two-sample test statistic

Table A.10 Table for critical values of r in run test

Table A.11 Values of Wilcoxon’s (unpaired) distribution

Table A.12 Values of the Kendall’s coefficient of concordance

Table A.13 One-tailed cumulative binomial probabilities under H ₀: P = Q = 0.5