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Materials for Bone Repair, Augmentation, and Implant Coatings

  • Chapter
Biomechanics in Orthopedics

Summary

This paper briefly describes some commercial and experimental materials used in maxillofacial, orthopedic and dental applications for bone augmentation, substitution and repair. These materials include:

  1. 1.

    Autogeneous, freeze-dried or banked bones and bovine bone-derived materials

  2. 2.

    Demineralized bone matrix (DBM)

  3. 3.

    Coral (CaCO3)

  4. 4.

    Polymers

  5. 5.

    Inert ceramics (alumina, zirconia)

  6. 6.

    Bioactive glass ceramics

  7. 7.

    Calcium phosphate materials such as hydroxyapatite (HA), tricalcium phosphate (TCP), coralline HA, and non-sintered apatite

  8. 9.

    Composites

  9. 10.

    Coated and uncoated metal implants

The strength of the material/bone interface, the acceleration of bone formation and the extent of bone attachment depend on the composition and properties of the materials. Autogeneous and allogenic grafts and DBM are osteogenic or osteoinductive, inducing bone formation; other materials are osteoconductive, providing a scaffold for new bone growth. Bioactive materials such as calcium phosphate materials and glass ceramics become chemically bonded to the bone, thus providing a very strong material/bone interface. Bioinert materials such as ceramic oxides, metals and alloys, and polymers do not become directly attached to the bone, and consequently, the material/bone interface is much weaker.

HA coating on metal implants were shown to provide accelerated bone attachment and greater skeletal fixation and, in some cases, appeared to have minimized leakage of some metal ions. However, failure between the coating and the metal substrate sometimes occurs causing the loosening and failure of the implant.

Characterization of some HA-coated implants demonstrated that the composition of the coating was different from that of pure HA ceramic depending on the method of coating. Analyses of some HA coatings showed the presence of a mixture of different calcium phosphate phases was actually present: HA, α- and β-TCP, and amorphous calcium phosphates (ACP). The concentration of these phases varied from the inner to the outer layers of the coating. Variations in the composition of HA coatings from different manufacturers were also observed. The effect of the coating composition on the in vivo performance and long-term stability of the coated implant need further study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Dentistry, New York University, 345 East 24th Street, New York, New York, 10010, USA

    Racquel Z. LeGeros

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  1. Racquel Z. LeGeros
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Aichi Medical University, 21 Yazako Karimata, 480-11, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan

    Shigeo Niwa M.D.  & Tomokazu Hattori BSC.  & 

  2. AO/ASIF Research Institute, Clavadelerstrasse, CH-7270, Davos Platz, Switzerland

    Stephan M. Perren DR. MED., DR. SC.(H.C.)

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LeGeros, R.Z. (1992). Materials for Bone Repair, Augmentation, and Implant Coatings. In: Niwa, S., Perren, S.M., Hattori, T. (eds) Biomechanics in Orthopedics. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68216-5_8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68216-5_8

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