Abstract
As result of improved primary resuscitation, a smaller number of all patients suffering from trauma, multiple injuries, and shock succumb within the first critical hours, except those with lethal injury to the vital organ. However, even though tltese patients present with stable hemodynamic conditions for days or weeks after the injury, dysfunction of one or several of their organs becomes apparent and these patients eventually die from late complications of the primary insult, in sepsis and multiple organ failure (MOF) [6, 37]. Baker [4] has demonstrated that age, severity of the injury, shock with arterial pressures below 80 mmHg, and, most importantly, the duration of shock are the crucial factors in the development of MOF. MOF can be the end-stage of shock in both low-flow and high-flow states. As a common denominator of all forms of shock appears the maldistribution of cardiac output, with critical reduction of nutritional blood flow in the vital organs and initiation of shock-specific microcirculatory disturbances [28, 36].
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Appelgren KL (1972) Perfusion and diffusion in shock. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 378: 1
Arfors KE, Lundberg C, Lindbom L, Lundberg K, Harlan M (1987) A monoclonal antibody to the membrane glycoprotein complex CDw18 (LFA) inhibits PMN accumulation and plasma leakage in vivo. Prog Appl Microcirc 11: 270
Bagge U, Braide M (1985) Microcirculatory effects of white blood cells in shock. Prog Appl Microcirc 7: 43
Baker CC (1986) Epidemiology of trauma: the civilian perspective. Ann Emerg Med 15: 1389
Ball HA, Cook JA, Wise WC, Halushka PV (1986) Role of thromboxane, prostaglandins and leukotrienes in endotoxic and septic shock. Intensive Care Med 12: 116
Baue AE, Chaudry IH (1980) Prevention of multiple systems failure. Surg Clin N Amer 60: 1167
Bevilacqua MP, Pober JS, Wheeler ME, Contran RS, Gimbrone MA Jr (1985) Interleukin 1 acts on cultured human vascular endothelium to increase the adhesion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, and related leukocyte cell lines. J Clin Invest 76: 2003
Brock-Utne JG (1984) A breakthrough in the therapy of septic shock? South African Med J 65: 149
Carrico CJ, Meakins JL, Marshall JC, Fry D, Maier RV (1986) Multiple-organfailure syndrome. Arch Surg 121: 196
Ten Cate JW, Büller HR, Sturk A, Levin J (eds) (1985) Bacterial endotoxins. Structure, biomedical significance, and detection with the limulus amebocyte lysate test. Liss, New York.
Clowes CHA Jr, George BC, Villee CA Jr, Saracis CA (1983) Muscle proteolysis induced by a circulating peptide in patients with sepsis or trauma. N Engl J Med 308: 545
Cohen J, Aslam M, Pusey CD, Ryan CJ (1987) Protection from endotoxemia: A rat model of plasmapheresis and specific adsorption with polymyxin B. J Infect Dis 155: 690
De Felippe J, Timoner J, Velasco IT, Lopes OU, Rocha-e-Silva M (1980) Treatment of refractory hypovolaemic shock by 7.5% sodium chloride injections. Lancet II: 1002
Dinarello CA (1984) Interleukin I. Rev Infect Dis 6: 51
Fleck A, Colley CM, Myers MA (1985) Liver export proteins and trauma. Brit Med Bull 41: 264
Fink PC, Grunert JH (1984) Endotoxinemia in intensive care patients: A longitudinal study with the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Test. Klin Wschr 62: 986
Goldblum SE, Cohen DA, Gillespie MN, McClain CJ (1987) Interleukin-1-induced granuloytopenia and pulmonary leukostasis in rabbits. J Appl Physiol 62: 122
Granger DN, Dale A, Höllwarth M (1986) Role of oxygen radicals in ischemic bowel disorders. Pediatr Surg Int 1: 15
Hammersen F, Hammersen E (1987) The ultrastructure of endothelial gap formation and leukocyte emigration. Prog Appl Microcirc 12: 1
Intaglietta M (1986) The static versus the dynamic state of the microvasculature. In: Schmid-Schönbein GW, Woo SLY, Zweifach, BW (eds) Frontiers in biomechanics. Springer, New York, p 314
Kramer GC, Perron PR, Lindsey DC, HO HS, Gunther RA, Boyle WA, Holcroft JW (1986) Small-volume resuscitation with hypertonic saline dextran solution. Surgery 100: 239
Kreimeier U, Messmer K (1987) New perspectives in resuscitation and prevention of multiple organ system failure. In: Baethmann A, Messmer K (eds) Surgical research: Recent concepts and results. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo p 39
Kreimeier U, Yang Zh, Messmer K (1987) The role of fluid replacement in acute endotoxin shock. In: Kox W, Bihari D (eds) Septic shock and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, p 179
Loda M, Clowes GHA Jr., Dinarello CA, Georges BC, Lane B, Richardson W (1984) Induction of hepatic protein synthesis by a peptide in blood plasma of patients with sepsis and trauma. Surgery 96: 204
Maningas PA, De Guzman LR, Tillman FJ, Hinson CS, Priegnitz KJ, Yolk KA, Bellamy RF (1986) Small-volume infusion of 7.5% NaCl in 6% dextran 70 for the treatment of severe hemorrhagic shock in swine. Ann Emerg Med 15: 1131
Mazzoni MC, Arfors KE, Intaglietta M (1987) Compartmental analysis of fluid shift between blood endothelium and interstitium during treatment of hypotensive hemorrhage with hypertonic solutions. In: Tsuchiya M, Asano M, Mishima Y, Oda M (eds) Microcirculation—An update, vol 1. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, p 289
McCord JM, Fridovich I (1978) The biology and pathology of oxygen radicals. Ann Int Med 89: 122
Messmer K (1983) Traumatic shock in poly trauma: circulatory parameters, biochemistry, and resuscitation. World J Surg 7: 26
Messmer K, Kreimeier U, Hammersen F (1988) Changes in the microcirculation in sepsis and septic shock. In: Reinhart K, Eyrich K (eds) Sepsis—An interdisciplinary Challenge. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Nakayama S, Sibley L, Gunther RA, Holcroft JW, Kramer GC (1984) Small-volume resuscitation with hypertonic saline (2.400 mosm/liter) during hemorrhagic shock. Circ Shock 13: 149
Nuytinck JKS, Goris RJA, Redl H, Schlag G, van Munster PJJ (1986) Posttraumatic complications and inflammatory mediators. Arch Surg 121: 886
Parks DA, Bulkley GB, Granger DN (1983) Role of oxygen free radicals in shock, ischemia and organ preservation. Surgery 94: 428
Redl H, Schlag G, Hammerschmidt DE (1984) Quantitative assessment of leukostasis in experimental hypovolemic-traumatic shock. Acta Chir Scand 150: 113
Sack FU, Funk W, Hammersen F, Messmer K (1987) Microvascular injury of skeletal muscle and skin after different periods of pressure induced ischemia. Prog Appl Microcirc 12: 282
Sack FU, Zeintl H, Menger MD, Hammersen F, Messmer K (1988) In-vivo quantification of postischemic PMN-endothelium-interaction in skeletal muscle and the influence of Bufedil. Circ Shock 24: 202
Thijs LG, Groeneveld ABJ (1987) The circulatory defect of septic shock. In: Vincent JL, Thijs LG (eds) Septic shock. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo p 161
Trunkey DD (1983) Trauma. Sci Amer 149: 20
Waisbren BA (1964) Gram-negative shock and endotoxin shock (editorial). Am J Med 36: 819
Yurt RW (1984) Intermediary metabolism including mediator activation. In: Shires GT (ed) Shock and related Problems. Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh, p 111
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Springer-Verlag Tokyo
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Messmer, K., Kreimeieri, U., Hammersen, F. (1988). Multiple Organ Failure: Clinical Implications to Macro- and Microcirculation. In: Manabe, H., Zweifach, B.W., Messmer, K. (eds) Microcirculation in Circulatory Disorders. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68078-9_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68078-9_16
Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo
Print ISBN: 978-4-431-68080-2
Online ISBN: 978-4-431-68078-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive