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Influence of Climatic Factor on Clay Mineralogy in Humid Asia: Significance of Vermiculitization of Mica Minerals Under a Udic Soil Moisture Regime

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Soils, Ecosystem Processes, and Agricultural Development

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Abstract

Geology and climate had a clear impact on the clay mineral composition for the soils in humid Asia. In soils derived from mica-free parent materials, such as mafic volcanic rocks, the clay mineral composition changes to the kaolin apex along the mineral axis of the 1.4-nm minerals. For other soils derived from the sedimentary rocks or felsic parent materials, mica and kaolin minerals dominated with lesser amounts of the 1.4-nm minerals in northern Thailand, while significant amounts of 1.4-nm minerals were formed in Indonesia and Japan. Based on these findings and a thermodynamic analysis using soil water extracts, the mineral weathering sequences in the soils from felsic and sedimentary rocks were postulated for each of the regions. In Thailand, under higher pH conditions associated with the ustic moisture regime, mica is relatively stable, while other primary minerals, such as feldspars, are unstable and dissolve to form kaolinite and gibbsite. Under the lower pH conditions of the udic moisture regime in Japan and Indonesia, mica weathers to form 1.4-nm minerals. Differentiated in this way, the soil mineralogical properties are considered to affect the chemical properties of soils, such as the cation exchange capacity (CEC)/clay and pH, and also the taxonomic classification of the soils. The CEC/clay of the soils derived from the sedimentary rocks or felsic parent materials showed a clear regional trend; that is, it was usually higher than 24 cmolc kg−1 (corresponding to Alisols if the argic horizon is recognized) under the udic and perudic soil moisture regimes in Indonesia and Japan. It was predominantly lower than 24 cmolc kg−1 (corresponding to Acrisols) under the ustic soil moisture regime in Thailand. In contrast, soils derived from the mafic volcanic rocks or limestones were more variable in clay mineral composition, the CEC/clay, or pH and were often high in Fed. The World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) classification is generally consistent with the regional trends of the chemical and the mineralogical properties of soils and describes successfully the distribution patterns of acid soils in humid Asia using the criterion of CEC/clay = 24 cmolc kg−1.

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Acknowledgements

This chapter is derived in part from an article published in Geoderma, 19 April 2006, copyright Elsevier, available online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.02.001 and in part from an article published in Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, October 2008, copyright Taylor & Francis, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2008.00294.x.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan

    Shinya Funakawa

  2. Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan

    Tetsuhiro Watanabe

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  1. Shinya Funakawa
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  2. Tetsuhiro Watanabe
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Correspondence to Shinya Funakawa .

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  1. Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

    Shinya Funakawa

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Funakawa, S., Watanabe, T. (2017). Influence of Climatic Factor on Clay Mineralogy in Humid Asia: Significance of Vermiculitization of Mica Minerals Under a Udic Soil Moisture Regime. In: Funakawa, S. (eds) Soils, Ecosystem Processes, and Agricultural Development. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56484-3_3

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