Skip to main content

Bile Acids and Esophageal Cancer

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

The incidence rates of esophageal adenocarcinoma and its precursor lesion, Barrett’s esophagus, have increased considerably in Western countries. Duodenogastroesophageal bile reflux is the major cause of this disease. Bile acids induce cytotoxicity in the esophageal epithelium through production of reactive oxygen species and activation of nuclear factor-κB and its downstream signaling pathways. Recent studies have revealed the characteristics of bile acid receptors and transporters in Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Arnold M, Soerjomataram I, Ferlay J, Forman D. Global incidence of oesophageal cancer by histological subtype in 2012. Gut. 2015;64(3):381–7. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Menges M, Muller M, Zeitz M. Increased acid and bile reflux in Barrett’s esophagus compared to reflux esophagitis, and effect of proton pump inhibitor therapy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(2):331–7. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03515.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Nehra D, Howell P, Williams CP, Pye JK, Beynon J. Toxic bile acids in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: influence of gastric acidity. Gut. 1999;44(5):598–602.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Matsuzaki J, Suzuki H, Kobayakawa M, Inadomi JM, Takayama M, Makino K, et al. Association of visceral fat area, smoking, and alcohol consumption with reflux esophagitis and Barrett’s esophagus in Japan. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0133865. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133865.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Chen KH, Mukaisho K, Ling ZQ, Shimomura A, Sugihara H, Hattori T. Association between duodenal contents reflux and squamous cell carcinoma – establishment of an esophageal cancer cell line derived from the metastatic tumor in a rat reflux model. Anticancer Res. 2007;27(1A):175–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Avidan B, Sonnenberg A, Schnell TG, Sontag SJ. Gastric surgery is not a risk for Barrett’s esophagus or esophageal adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2001;121(6):1281–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. O’Riordan JM, Tucker ON, Byrne PJ, McDonald GS, Ravi N, Keeling PW, et al. Factors influencing the development of Barrett’s epithelium in the esophageal remnant postesophagectomy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(2):205–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Tsiouris A, Hammoud Z, Velanovich V. Barrett’s esophagus after resection of the gastroesophageal junction: effects of concomitant fundoplication. World J Surg. 2011;35(8):1867–72. doi:10.1007/s00268-011-1142-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Silberg DG, Sullivan J, Kang E, Swain GP, Moffett J, Sund NJ, et al. Cdx2 ectopic expression induces gastric intestinal metaplasia in transgenic mice. Gastroenterology. 2002;122(3):689–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Eda A, Osawa H, Satoh K, Yanaka I, Kihira K, Ishino Y, et al. Aberrant expression of CDX2 in Barrett’s epithelium and inflammatory esophageal mucosa. J Gastroenterol. 2003;38(1):14–22. doi:10.1007/s005350300001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kazumori H, Ishihara S, Rumi MA, Kadowaki Y, Kinoshita Y. Bile acids directly augment caudal related homeobox gene Cdx2 expression in oesophageal keratinocytes in Barrett’s epithelium. Gut. 2006;55(1):16–25. doi:10.1136/gut.2005.066209.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Goldman A, Chen HD, Roesly HB, Hill KA, Tome ME, Dvorak B, et al. Characterization of squamous esophageal cells resistant to bile acids at acidic pH: implication for Barrett's esophagus pathogenesis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2011;300(2):G292–302. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00461.2010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Huo X, Zhang HY, Zhang XI, Lynch JP, Strauch ED, Wang JY, et al. Acid and bile salt-induced CDX2 expression differs in esophageal squamous cells from patients with and without Barrett’s esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2010;139(1):194–203. e1 doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2010.03.035.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Kong J, Crissey MA, Funakoshi S, Kreindler JL, Lynch JP. Ectopic Cdx2 expression in murine esophagus models an intermediate stage in the emergence of Barrett’s esophagus. PLoS One. 2011;6(4):e18280. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018280.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Wang X, Ouyang H, Yamamoto Y, Kumar PA, Wei TS, Dagher R, et al. Residual embryonic cells as precursors of a Barrett’s-like metaplasia. Cell. 2011;145(7):1023–35. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.05.026.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Quante M, Bhagat G, Abrams JA, Marache F, Good P, Lee MD, et al. Bile acid and inflammation activate gastric cardia stem cells in a mouse model of Barrett-like metaplasia. Cancer Cell. 2012;21(1):36–51. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2011.12.004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Hong J, Behar J, Wands J, Resnick M, Wang LJ, Delellis RA, et al. Bile acid reflux contributes to development of esophageal adenocarcinoma via activation of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase Cgamma2 and NADPH oxidase NOX5-S. Cancer Res. 2010;70(3):1247–55. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-2774.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Yen CJ, Izzo JG, Lee DF, Guha S, Wei Y, Wu TT, et al. Bile acid exposure up-regulates tuberous sclerosis complex 1/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in Barrett’s-associated esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 2008;68(8):2632–40. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-5460.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Hong J, Behar J, Wands J, Resnick M, Wang LJ, DeLellis RA, et al. Role of a novel bile acid receptor TGR5 in the development of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Gut. 2010;59(2):170–80. doi:10.1136/gut.2009.188375.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Dvorak K, Chavarria M, Payne CM, Ramsey L, Crowley-Weber C, Dvorakova B, et al. Activation of the interleukin-6/STAT3 antiapoptotic pathway in esophageal cells by bile acids and low pH: relevance to Barrett’s esophagus. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(18 Pt 1):5305–13. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0483.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Tselepis C, Morris CD, Wakelin D, Hardy R, Perry I, Luong QT, et al. Upregulation of the oncogene c-myc in Barrett’s adenocarcinoma: induction of c-myc by acidified bile acid in vitro. Gut. 2003;52(2):174–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Huo X, Juergens S, Zhang X, Rezaei D, Yu C, Strauch ED, et al. Deoxycholic acid causes DNA damage while inducing apoptotic resistance through NF-kappaB activation in benign Barrett’s epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2011;301(2):G278–86. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00092.2011.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Peng S, Huo X, Rezaei D, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Yu C, et al. In Barrett’s esophagus patients and Barrett's cell lines, ursodeoxycholic acid increases antioxidant expression and prevents DNA damage by bile acids. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2014;307(2):G129–39. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00085.2014.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Jenkins GJ, D’Souza FR, Suzen SH, Eltahir ZS, James SA, Parry JM, et al. Deoxycholic acid at neutral and acid pH, is genotoxic to oesophageal cells through the induction of ROS: the potential role of anti-oxidants in Barrett’s oesophagus. Carcinogenesis. 2007;28(1):136–42. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgl147.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. McAdam E, Haboubi HN, Griffiths AP, Baxter JN, Spencer-Harty S, Davies C, et al. Reflux composition influences the level of NF-kappaB activation and upstream kinase preference in oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(3):527–35. doi:10.1002/ijc.29029.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Cronin J, McAdam E, Danikas A, Tselepis C, Griffiths P, Baxter J, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and may represent a biomarker of histological progression in Barrett’s esophagus (BE). Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(1):46–56. doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.433.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Song S, Guha S, Liu K, Buttar NS, Bresalier RS. COX-2 induction by unconjugated bile acids involves reactive oxygen species-mediated signalling pathways in Barrett’s oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Gut. 2007;56(11):1512–21. doi:10.1136/gut.2007.121244.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Feagins LA, Zhang HY, Zhang X, Hormi-Carver K, Thomas T, Terada LS, et al. Mechanisms of oxidant production in esophageal squamous cell and Barrett’s cell lines. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2008;294(2):G411–7. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00373.2007.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. McAdam E, Haboubi HN, Forrester G, Eltahir Z, Spencer-Harty S, Davies C, et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) are important mediators of reflux-induced cell signalling in esophageal cells. Carcinogenesis. 2012;33(11):2035–43. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgs241.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Matsuzaki J, Suzuki H, Tsugawa H, Watanabe M, Hossain S, Arai E, et al. Bile acids increase levels of microRNAs 221 and 222, leading to degradation of CDX2 during esophageal carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology. 2013;145(6):1300–11. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2013.08.008.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Dvorak K, Watts GS, Ramsey L, Holubec H, Payne CM, Bernstein C, et al. Expression of bile acid transporting proteins in Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(2):302–9. doi:10.1038/ajg.2008.85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Anggiansah R, Sweis R, Anggiansah A, Wong T, Cooper D, Fox M. The effects of obesity on oesophageal function, acid exposure and the symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;37(5):555–63. doi:10.1111/apt.12208.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Almers LM, Graham JE, Havel PJ, Corley DA. Adiponectin may modify the risk of Barrett’s esophagus in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015; doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2015.01.009.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Chen KH, Mukaisho K, Sugihara H, Araki Y, Yamamoto G, Hattori T. High animal-fat intake changes the bile-acid composition of bile juice and enhances the development of Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma in a rat duodenal-contents reflux model. Cancer Sci. 2007;98(11):1683–8. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00605.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Rizvi S, Demars CJ, Comba A, Gainullin VG, Rizvi Z, Almada LL, et al. Combinatorial chemoprevention reveals a novel smoothened-independent role of GLI1 in esophageal carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 2010;70(17):6787–96. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-0197.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hidekazu Suzuki .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Japan KK

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Matsuzaki, J., Suzuki, H. (2017). Bile Acids and Esophageal Cancer. In: Tazuma, S., Takikawa, H. (eds) Bile Acids in Gastroenterology. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56062-3_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56062-3_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo

  • Print ISBN: 978-4-431-56060-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-4-431-56062-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics