Abstract
In biomolecular systems with many degrees of freedom such as proteins and nucleic acids, there exists an astronomically large number of local-minimum free energy states. Conventional simulations in the canonical ensemble encounter with great difficulty, because they tend to get trapped in states of these local minima. Enhanced conformational sampling techniques are thus in great demand. A simulation in generalized ensemble performs a random walk in potential energy, volume, and other physical quantities or their corresponding conjugate parameters such as temperature, pressure, etc. and can overcome this difficulty. From only one simulation run, one can obtain canonical ensemble averages of physical quantities as functions of temperature, pressure, etc. by the reweighting techniques. In this chapter, we review uses of the generalized-ensemble algorithms in biomolecular systems. A well-known method, namely, replica-exchange method, is described first. We then present various extensions of the replica-exchange method. The effectiveness of the methods is tested with protein folding and ligand docking simulations.
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Acknowledgments
The author thanks his co-workers for useful discussions. In particular, he is grateful to Drs. A. Kitao, H. Kokubo, A. Mitsutake, Y. Sugita, T. Tanaka, and R. Urano for collaborations that led to the results presented in the present chapter. This work was supported, in part, by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (“Fluctuations and Biological Functions”) from MEXT, Japan.
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Okamoto, Y. (2016). Structural Fluctuations of Proteins in Folding and Ligand Docking Studied by Replica-Exchange Simulations. In: Terazima, M., Kataoka, M., Ueoka, R., Okamoto, Y. (eds) Molecular Science of Fluctuations Toward Biological Functions . Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55840-8_9
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