Abstract
This chapter seeks to introduce this book by describing the interaction between international, European Union (EU) and Japanese environmental law. Specifically, it will show how international law influenced the EU environmental law and the Japanese Basic Environmental Law. This chapter explains how international and European environmental law impacted the Japanese Basic Environmental Law and, compares the Japanese and EU environmental law. In fact, the EU environmental law has been influenced by international environmental law, although the EU presently plays a leading role in shaping the world environmental law. This chapter will describe how the Japanese Basic Environmental Law and the EU environmental law have developed simultaneously, albeit sometimes differently. First, I briefly describe the development of the EU environmental law and movements in global environmental protection. Second, I describe the Japanese Basic Environmental Law based on the aspects of, history, structure and content.
Keywords
- European Union
- Environmental Conservation
- European Economic Community
- Basic Environmental
- Strategic Environmental Assessment
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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- 1.
Otsuka (2013), p. 5.
- 2.
Kitamura (2013), p. 108.
- 3.
The Brundtland commission was established based on Japan’s proposal in 1984, Ministry of the Environment (ed.) (2001), p. 196.
- 4.
The report on the draft of a basic environmental law (kankyokihonhousei no arikata toshin) referred to the Rio summit several times and was used as justification for the necessity of enacting an environmental law, Environmental Agency (1994b), pp. 353–369.
- 5.
Environmental Agency (1994b), introduction (Hashigaki).
- 6.
Environmental Agency (1994b), pp. 72–110. It explained the details of the enactment process of the Basic Environmental Law.
- 7.
Environmental Agency (1994b), p. 118.
- 8.
Otsuka (2013), p. 82.
- 9.
Environmental Agency (1994b), p. 116.
- 10.
Environmental Agency (1994b), pp. 142–143.
- 11.
Environmental Agency (1994b), pp. 148–149.
- 12.
Environmental Agency (1994b), p. 188.
- 13.
Otsuka (2010), p. 245.
- 14.
Environmental Agency (1994a).
- 15.
Cf. Ministry of the Environment, The Basic Environment Plan, http://www.env.go.jp/en/policy/plan/basic/pt1.html.
- 16.
The Ministry of the Environment (2001).
- 17.
The Ministry of the Environment (2001), pp. 13–18.
- 18.
The Ministry of the Environment (2006).
- 19.
Introduction (Hashigaki) of the basic environment plan in http://www.env.go.jp/policy/kihon_keikaku/plan/plan_4.html
- 20.
- 21.
Nakanishi (2009), pp. 126–127.
- 22.
Nakanishi (2009), pp. 129–142; ex. Case C-62/88 [1990] ECR I-1527, para. 20; Case C-300/90 [1991] ECR I-2869, para. 22; Case C-405/92 [1993] ECR I-6133, paras. 26–28; Case C-336/00 [2002] ECR I-7699, para. 30; Case C-513/99 [2002] ECR I-7213, para. 57; Case C-379/98 [2001] ECR I-2099, paras. 76 and 81; Case C-176/03 [2005] ECR I-7879, para. 42; Case C-440/05 [2007] ECR I-9097, para. 60; Case T-229/04 [2007] ECR II-103, para. 262; Case T-233/04 [2008] ECR II-591, para. 99.
- 23.
The Ministry of the Environment (2002), p. 209.
- 24.
The Ministry of the Environment (2002), p. 211.
- 25.
The Ministry of the Environment (2002), p. 212; Article 21 paragraph 4 of the Metropolitan Area Readjustment Act, Article 2 and 9 of the Act on the Promotion of Multi-polar Pattern Natural Land Formation, Article 4 paragraph 3 of the Forest Act, article 3 of the Act on Medium and Small-sized Business Modernisation promotion etc.
- 26.
The Ministry of the Environment (2001), p. 138.
- 27.
The Ministry of the Environment (2006), p. 116.
- 28.
- 29.
OJ of the EU 1985 L175/40.
- 30.
- 31.
COM (96) 511.
- 32.
COM (96) 511, p. 1.
- 33.
OJ of the EU 2001 L197/30.
- 34.
COM (96) 511, p. 1.
- 35.
Otsuka (2013), pp. 118–123.
- 36.
The Ministry of the Environment (2001), p. 113.
- 37.
The Ministry of the Environment (2006), p. 104.
- 38.
- 39.
Ibid., p. 65.
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Nakanishi, Y. (2016). Introduction: The Impact of the International and European Union Environmental Law on Japanese Basic Environmental Law. In: Nakanishi, Y. (eds) Contemporary Issues in Environmental Law. Environmental Protection in the European Union, vol 5. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55435-6_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55435-6_1
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