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Marine Protists pp 465–500Cite as

Photosymbiosis in Marine Planktonic Protists

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Abstract

Some of the most enigmatic components in the plankton are the diverse eukaryotic protists that live in close association with one or more partners. Mutualistic and commensal planktonic interactions are most commonly encountered in the oligotrophic open ocean at tropical and subtropical latitudes. They are functionally and ecologically distinct, and involve a great taxonomic diversity of single-celled partners. Protists like Foraminifera, Radiolaria, dinoflagellates and diatoms can all harbor microalgal symbionts of eukaryotic and prokaryotic origin inside (endosymbiosis) and/or outside (ectosymbiosis) their cytoplasm. Such symbioses (photosymbioses) combine phototrophy, heterotrophy and sometimes di-nitrogen (N2) fixation (reduction of N2 to ammonium). Symbiotic microorganisms therefore represent an important component of marine ecosystems and play a role in the food web and biogeochemical cycling (e.g., carbon and nitrogen). Despite their important ecological function and early recognition in the late nineteenth century, our knowledge about the diversity, distribution, and metabolic exchanges for many of the photosymbioses remains rudimentary compared with the other marine and terrestrial symbioses. Recent technical advances in single-cell genomics and imaging have greatly improved our understanding about planktonic symbioses. This review aims to present and compare many eukaryote–eukaryote and eukaryote–prokaryote photosymbioses described so far in the open ocean with an emphasis on their ecology and potential function in the ecosystem.

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Acknowledgments

JD and SC are supported by the project OCEANOMICS, which has received funding from the French Government, managed by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche, under the grant agreement “Investissement d’Avenir” ANR-11-BTBR-0008. RAF’s contribution is funded by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Sweden) and the National Science Foundation (USA). We thank the coordinators and members of the Tara-Oceans expedition. We are grateful to Christian Sardet, John Dolan, Katsunori Kimoto and Ken Furuya for providing pictures of symbiotic organisms.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France

    Johan Decelle

  2. CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France

    Sébastien Colin

  3. Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

    Rachel A. Foster

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  1. Johan Decelle
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  2. Sébastien Colin
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  3. Rachel A. Foster
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Correspondence to Johan Decelle .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Takehara Marine Science Station, Setouchi Field Science Center, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Takehara, Hiroshima, Japan

    Susumu Ohtsuka

  2. Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan

    Toshinobu Suzaki

  3. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

    Takeo Horiguchi

  4. Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan

    Noritoshi Suzuki

  5. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifi que – CNRS, University Pierre and Marie Curie – UPMC Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France

    Fabrice Not

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Decelle, J., Colin, S., Foster, R.A. (2015). Photosymbiosis in Marine Planktonic Protists. In: Ohtsuka, S., Suzaki, T., Horiguchi, T., Suzuki, N., Not, F. (eds) Marine Protists. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55130-0_19

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