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Energy Metabolism in the Vertebrate Retina

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Vertebrate Photoreceptors

Abstract

The fundamental need for efficient and well-controlled energy metabolism in living organisms is ubiquitous. However, vertebrate retinas have many fascinating adaptations that give them the ability to regulate energy production and anabolic activity to meet a unique set of metabolic demands.

Retinas have

  • An extraordinarily high rate of ATP consumption in darkness

  • A localized and highly specialized signal transduction apparatus that has an overwhelming and direct influence on energy demand

  • Exposure to light and O2 that create a high demand for membrane renewal

  • A higher rate of aerobic glycolysis than most other tissues

  • A laminated structure that facilitates localization of metabolic enzymes and metabolites

  • Synaptic terminals with a unique structure that allows recovery of neurotransmitter into presynaptic neurons at very high efficiency

  • Unusual mitochondrial morphology and distribution

  • Distinctive localization of creatine kinase and a specialized mechanism for distributing metabolic energy within the cell

  • An extensive database of genes linked to retinal degeneration: many of these may cause metabolic dysregulation and failure

  • Unique sensitivity to loss of mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase activity

This review summarizes what is known about these extraordinary features in the context of the retina structure, its anabolic requirements, its metabolic requirements in light and darkness, the ways that it distributes metabolic energy, and, finally, the consequences of metabolic dysregulation.

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  1. Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    James B. Hurley, Andrei O. Chertov, Ken Lindsay, Michelle Giamarco, Whitney Cleghorn, Jianhai Du & Susan Brockerhoff

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Correspondence to James B. Hurley .

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  1. Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan

    Takahisa Furukawa

  2. Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

    James B. Hurley

  3. Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan

    Satoru Kawamura

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Hurley, J.B. et al. (2014). Energy Metabolism in the Vertebrate Retina. In: Furukawa, T., Hurley, J., Kawamura, S. (eds) Vertebrate Photoreceptors. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54880-5_5

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