Abstract
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is intended to mitigate climate change through channelling funds from industrialized countries to elsewhere for projects that diminish greenhouse emissions and promote sustainable development. However, relatively few CDM projects have focused on the forestry sector, due to several challenges related to financial, ecological, and social constraints. This study presents an example of a CDM forestry project in northern India, where some of these challenges have been addressed by taking a more holistic approach through linking the project with other watershed development initiatives, planting diverse locally favoured tree species, and promoting sustainable livelihoods in the involved rural communities. According to the interviews of 120 people in 32 panchayats, the project was generally welcomed and it had provided employment and other livelihood benefits for the villagers. However, as the findings also indicate, the project has largely failed to meet its goals for afforestation/reforestation, because vast amounts of seedlings have either not been planted or they have not survived, certain conflicting interests over the dedicated land areas have not been solved, and the level of participation and knowledge sharing has been low. In most cases, the villagers have lacked financial and other incentives—or have not been aware of these—for becoming committed to the project implementation. As similar challenges have also been found in other CDM projects, it is suggested that the procedures of the carbon forestry initiatives are scrutinized particularly in regard to transparency, knowledge sharing, participation, and monitoring.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
In the CDM, afforestation refers to planting trees in an area that has not been under forest cover for more than 50 years, while reforestation means re-establishing the forest cover in an area that has been free of forest cover since 31st December, 1989.
- 2.
Gram Panchayat is a local administrative body consisting of formally elected representatives from one or more (usually not more than five) villages.
- 3.
As found in this study, much of the dedicated land areas had remained unforested, hence “success rate” is used as the term for the estimations by the research team. In regard to the estimates by the MHWDP, the success rate here equals to survival rate reported by the project.
References
Aggarwal A (2011) Implementation of Forest Rights Act changing forest landscape and “politics of REDD+” in India. Resour Energ Dev 8(2):131–148
Bachram H (2004) Climate fraud and carbon colonialism: the new trade in greenhouse gases. Capital Nat Social 15(4):1–15
Bäckstrand K, Lövbrand E (2006) Planting trees to mitigate climate change: contested discourses of ecological modernization green governmentality and civic environmentalism. Glob Environ Polit 6(1):50–75
Bailis R (2006) Climate change mitigation and sustainable development through carbon sequestration: experiences in Latin America. Energy Sustain Dev 10(4):74–87
Corbera E, Friedli C (2012) Planting trees through the clean development mechanism: a critical assessment. Ephemera 12(1/2):206–241
Crowe TL (2013) The potential of the CDM to deliver pro-poor benefits. Clim Pol 13(1):58–79
Djanibekov U, Djanibekov N, Khamzina A (2012) CDM afforestation for managing water energy and rural income nexus in irrigated drylands. Poster presented at the International Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE) Triennial Conference Foz do Iguaçu Brazil 18–24 August 2012
Ghosh S, Sahu SK (2011) The Indian clean development mechanism: subsidizing and legitimizing corporate pollution. An overview of CDM in India with case studies from various sectors. Sasanka Dev DISHA, Kolkata, p 175
Gong Y, Bull G, Baylis K (2010) Participation in the world’s first clean development mechanism forest project: the role of property rights social capital and contractual rules. Ecol Econ 69(6):1292–1302
Grubb M (2003) The economics of the Kyoto protocol. World Econ 4(3):143–189
iGovernment (2008) Himachal Bio-carbon project to cover 602 GPs. 13.3.2008. iGovernment.in New Delhi. http://www.igovernment.in/site/bio-carbon-project-in-himachal-to-increase-green-cover. Accessed 23 Jun 2013
Infochange India (2011) Himachal Pradesh becomes first Indian state to sell carbon credits to the World Bank. 23.5.2011. http://infochangeindia.org/. Accessed 23 Jun 2013
MHWDP (2013a) HP Mid-Himalayan Watershed Development Project. http://hpmidhimalayan.org. Accessed 27 Jun 2013
MHWDP (2013b) Monitoring report: 01 Jul 2006 – 31 Dec 2012. 25 p. HP Mid-Himalayan Watershed Development Project, Solan. https://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/TUEV-SUED1291278527.37. Accessed 21 Nov 2013
MHWDP (2013c) Status Report March 31.3.2013. 61 p. HP Mid-Himalayan Watershed Development Project, Solan
Newell P, Bumpus A (2012) The global political ecology of the clean development mechanism. Glob Environ Polit 12:49–67
Nijnik M, Halder P (2013) Afforestation and reforestation projects in South and South-East Asia under the clean development mechanism: trends and development opportunities. Land Use Policy 31:504–515
Smith J (2002) Afforestation and reforestation in the clean development mechanism of the Kyoto protocol: implications for forests and forest people. Int J Glob Environ Issue 2(3/4):322–343
Transparency International (2008) India corruption study – 2008. Transparency International India & Centre for Media Studies, New Delhi, p 427
The Tribune (2012) Mid-Himalayan project to be showcased as model. The Tribune – Himachal Pradesh Edition. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120516/himachal.htm#4. Accessed 22 Aug 2013
Thomas S, Dargusch P, Harrison S, Herbohn J (2009) Why are there so few afforestation and reforestation clean development mechanism projects? Land Use Policy 27:880–887
TÜV SÜD (2011) Validation of the CDM-project: India: Himachal Pradesh reforestation project - improving livelihoods and watersheds. Report No. 1309006. TÜV SÜD Industrie Service GmbH, Munich
UNFCCC (2011) Project design document form for afforestation and reforestation project activities (CDM-AR-PDD) – version 5. India: Himachal Pradesh reforestation project – improving livelihoods and watersheds. 112 p. CDM – Executive Board/UNFCCC, Bonn
UNFCCC (2013) CDM project search. United Nations framework convention on climate change, Bonn. http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/projsearch.html. Accessed 15 May 2013
van der Werf GR, Morton DC, DeFries RS, Olivier JGJ, Kasibhatla PS, Jackson RB, Collatz GJ, Randerson JT (2009) CO2 emissions from forest loss. Nat Geosci 2:737–738
Yamanoshita MY, Amano M (2012) Capability development of local communities for project sustainability in afforestation/reforestation clean development mechanism. Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Chang 17:425–440
Zomer RJ, Trabucco A, Bossio DA, Verchot LV (2008) Climate change mitigation: a spatial analysis of global land suitability for clean development mechanism afforestation and reforestation. Agric Ecosyst Environ 126:67–80
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Japan
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Haapanen, T. (2014). The Challenges of Reforesting the Himalayas Through the Clean Development Mechanism: Perspectives from Rural Villages. In: Singh, R., Hietala, R. (eds) Livelihood Security in Northwestern Himalaya. Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54868-3_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54868-3_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo
Print ISBN: 978-4-431-54867-6
Online ISBN: 978-4-431-54868-3
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)