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Primates and Cetaceans pp 173–206Cite as

Life History Tactics in Monkeys and Apes: Focus on Female-Dispersal Species

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Part of the book series: Primatology Monographs ((PrimMono))

Abstract

Primates show life history traits similar to those of cetaceans, such as small litter size, long gestation, long lactation, and long lifespan, in spite of striking contrasts in habitats, diet, mobility, and range size between them. Ecological factors (food and predation) may influence their life history traits in various ways, but social factors (social structure and reproductive strategies) may be more important for the life history of primates, in which both sexes live together even outside the breeding season. Group-living primates are classified into female-bonded species and female-dispersal species, based on the patterns of female dispersal after maturity. A comparison of life history parameters shows that female-dispersal species have a slower life history (gestation length, weaning age, age at first reproduction, and interbirth interval) than the female-bonded species, except for neonatal weight and weaning weight, which may be determined in relationship to female body weight. To elucidate factors promoting the slow life history, we focus on Atelinae and Hominidae (female-dispersal species) and examine their interspecific and intraspecific variation in social structure and male reproductive tactics in relationship to life history traits. Most Atelinae species form multimale and multifemale groups, and variation in their life history features may reflect relationships among males and their reproductive tactics. In howler monkeys, both males and females disperse, and infanticide by males may lead to a fast life history. In other Atelines, infanticide rarely occurs, although it has the effect of reducing interbirth interval. Forcible copulation by males occasionally occurs in spider monkeys. Variations in grouping among females reflecting their flexible foraging efforts according to distribution of high-quality foods may have some effects on the fast–slow continuum in the life history features of female Atelinae. Hominidae exhibit larger variations in life history features than Atelinae, probably because of their diverse social structure. Solitary nature and male reproductive tactics may have great influences on the life history of female great apes. Female orangutans, who usually live a solitary life, show the slowest life history. Maturing female orangutans need a longer time to establish their own home range and relationships with reproductive mates than female chimpanzees and gorillas, who transfer into other groups immediately after emigration. Female gorillas show the lowest age at first reproduction and the shortest interbirth interval. Intensive caretaking of the immature by male gorillas may facilitate early weaning, and infanticide by males may promote a prolonged bonding between a protector male and females to shorten the interbirth interval. Similar life history traits have been found in four long-term study sites of chimpanzees. Only females at Bossou show a fast life history, probably the result of high-quality foods and single male group composition under isolated conditions. The more frequent and stable association between females and males and more promiscuous mating in bonobos may facilitate the search for mating partners and lead to a shorter interbirth interval than chimpanzees. Frugivorous orangutans and chimpanzees may suffer more costs of female dispersal through decreased foraging efficiency than folivorous gorillas, and chimpanzees with fission–fusion grouping may suffer more social stress than gorillas in highly cohesive groups. Such differences may generally shape the fast–slow continuum of life history in female-dispersal primate species.

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Acknowledgments

  This study was financed in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan (No. 162550080, No. 19107007, and No. 24255010 to J. Yamagiwa), by Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) 19770213 to Shimooka. the Global Environmental Research Fund by Japanese Ministry of Environment (F-061 to T. Nishida, Japan Monkey Centre), the Kyoto University Global COE Program “Formation of a Strategic Base for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Research,” and Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development of JST/JICA, and was conducted in cooperation with CRSN and ICCN. We appreciate to Dr. Kosei Izawa for his kind permission for the usage of a picture.

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  1. Laboratory of Human Evolution Studies, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan

    Juichi Yamagiwa

  2. Department of Natural and Environmental Science, Teikyo University of Science, Yatsusawa, Uenohara, Yamanashi, 409-0193, Japan

    Yukiko Shimooka

  3. Ecosystem Informatics Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Kannondai 3-1-3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan

    David S. Sprague

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Correspondence to Juichi Yamagiwa .

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  1. Graduate School of Science Laboratory of Human Evolution Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

    Juichi Yamagiwa

  2. The Swire Institute of Marine Science School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Shek O, Hong Kong SAR

    Leszek Karczmarski

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Yamagiwa, J., Shimooka, Y., Sprague, D.S. (2014). Life History Tactics in Monkeys and Apes: Focus on Female-Dispersal Species. In: Yamagiwa, J., Karczmarski, L. (eds) Primates and Cetaceans. Primatology Monographs. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54523-1_9

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