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Eco-toxicants: A Growing Global Threat

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Primates and Cetaceans

Part of the book series: Primatology Monographs ((PrimMono))

Abstract

Ecotoxicology is a constantly evolving discipline, and ecological risk assessments are required to estimate and predict threats and exposures before they occur. There is a critical need to obtain species- and site-specific data to determine toxicological sensitivities under prevailing environmental conditions and so mitigate the potential effects of pollutants on wildlife, particularly on species that are already endangered. Cetaceans are considered one of the most vulnerable organisms with respect to long-term toxicity of chemicals such as organochlorines and metals. Many studies have investigated the factors affecting the accumulation, metabolization, and potential harmful effects of such pollutants, but the question of whether chemical pollution is changing the dynamics of the populations is not yet resolved. In the case of primates, although extrapolations can be made to some extent with humans, the pollution levels and their effects in wild populations are largely unknown. The present chapter examines the main cetacean and primate features that might lead to differential vulnerability among individuals, populations, and species, and evaluates how behavioral patterns can influence exposure potential and outcomes. Furthermore, the role of pollutants as stressors of the ecological health and social systems of cetaceans and primates is explored by two case studies: the first case describes site fidelity of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Sarasota Bay (Florida, USA), despite the cumulative impacts that they face resulting from human activities, and the second case discusses manganese-induced neurotoxicity as a causal agent of cognitive, motor, and behavioral dysfunctions in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

figure a

Human–dolphin interactions. (Photograph provided by Randal S. Wells)

The author name Teresa J. Sylvina was also published as Taranjit Kaur

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Acknowledgments

This research has been possible thanks to the assistance of the Mammal Research Institute of the University of Pretoria. While doing this work, V.T. was supported by the UP postdoctoral fellowship program. T.K. (T.J.S.) was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Award #0238069. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of NSF.

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  1. Stazione Zoologica Anton Dhorn di Napoli, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy

    Victoria Tornero

  2. Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA

    Teresa J. Sylvina & Jatinder Singh

  3. Chicago Zoological Society, c/o Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA

    Randall S. Wells

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  1. Victoria Tornero
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Correspondence to Victoria Tornero .

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  1. Graduate School of Science Laboratory of Human Evolution Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

    Juichi Yamagiwa

  2. The Swire Institute of Marine Science School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Shek O, Hong Kong SAR

    Leszek Karczmarski

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Tornero, V., Sylvina, T.J., Wells, R.S., Singh, J. (2014). Eco-toxicants: A Growing Global Threat. In: Yamagiwa, J., Karczmarski, L. (eds) Primates and Cetaceans. Primatology Monographs. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54523-1_16

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