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Neocortical Neurogenesis and Circuit Assembly

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Cortical Development

Abstract

The mammalian brain is an extraordinarily complex organ. The outermost part of the brain is the cerebral cortex, which plays a key role in higher-order brain functions, such as perception, language, and decision-making. Since the invention of Golgi staining, which allowed for visualization of individual neurons, defining neural circuits underlying various brain functions has been a field of intense study for over a century. In this chapter, we will discuss the formation of neocortical circuits, emphasizing on how individual components are generated and assembled during development and how early developmental processes, including neurogenesis and neuronal migration, may guide precise circuit assembly.

The mammalian cerebral cortex is composed of the archicortex (hippocampal region), the paleocortex (olfactory cortex), and the neocortex. As the evolutionarily newest addition, the neocortex is the site of higher brain function. It contains two primary types of neurons: glutamatergic neurons (70–80 %) and GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)-ergic neurons (20–30 %). Glutamatergic neurons release glutamate as neurotransmitter, which elicits excitation in the postsynaptic neuron, and are the principle neurons in the neocortex responsible for generating circuit output. GABAergic neurons, on the other hand, release GABA as neurotransmitter, which usually triggers inhibition in the postsynaptic neuron, and are critical for shaping circuit output.

Peng Gao and Khadeejah T. Sultan have contributed equally.

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Acknowledgement

We apologize to the authors whose work we could not cite owing to space limitations. Our research is supported by grants from the National Institute of Health (R01DA024681 and P01NS048120) and the McKnight Foundation.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA

      Peng Gao, Khadeejah T. Sultan, Xin-Jun Zhang & Song-Hai Shi

    2. Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA

      Peng Gao, Khadeejah T. Sultan & Song-Hai Shi

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    1. Peng Gao
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    1. Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan

      Ryoichiro Kageyama

    2. Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan

      Tetsuo Yamamori

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    Gao, P., Sultan, K.T., Zhang, XJ., Shi, SH. (2013). Neocortical Neurogenesis and Circuit Assembly. In: Kageyama, R., Yamamori, T. (eds) Cortical Development. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54496-8_7

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