Abstract
The spatial agglomeration is investigated for a racetrack economy, comprising a number of cities equally spreading on the circumference of a circle, with micromechanism by Krugman’s core–periphery model. The group-theoretic bifurcation analysis procedure presented in Chap. 2 is applied to a problem with the dihedral group, expressing the symmetry of the racetrack economy. The theoretically possible agglomeration (bifurcation) patterns of this economy are predicted by using block-diagonalization, bifurcation equation, and equivariant branching lemma. Spatial period doubling bifurcation cascade is highlighted as the most characteristic progress of agglomeration. This chapter, as a whole, serves as an introduction to the methodology for a more general analysis in Chaps. 5–9 in Part II of an economy on a hexagonal lattice with a larger and more complicated symmetry group.
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Notes
- 1.
Bifurcation behavior of systems with dihedral group symmetry has been studied fully in the literature of applied mathematics: e.g., Sattinger, 1979 [14], 1983 [15]; Healey, 1988 [7]; Golubitsky, Stewart, and Schaeffer, 1988 [6]; Dellnitz and Werner, 1989 [4]; and Ikeda and Murota, 2010 [8]. Sections 3.2–3.4 are adaptations of these results to the racetrack economy.
- 2.
See Sect. 1.5.3 for the definition of interior and corner equilibria.
- 3.
See Remark 3.3 for the proof.
- 4.
The transformation matrix Q used here is an orthogonal matrix.
- 5.
This corresponds to (2.98) with \(\boldsymbol{u} = \boldsymbol{\lambda }\), \(\boldsymbol{u}_{\mathrm{c}} = \boldsymbol{\lambda }_{0}\), \(\boldsymbol{w} = {w}^{(-,+)}\boldsymbol{{q}}^{(-,+)}\), and \(\overline{\boldsymbol{w}} =\sum _{ j=1}^{n/2-1}({w}^{(j),1}\boldsymbol{{q}}^{(j),1} + {w}^{(j),2}\boldsymbol{{q}}^{(j),2})\). The term \({w}^{(+,+)}\boldsymbol{{q}}^{(+,+)}\) is lacking due to the condition of no population growth in (3.4).
- 6.
By (2.76) of Ikeda and Murota, 2010 [8], a simple critical point is classified as a bifurcation point if \(\boldsymbol{\xi }_{1}^{\,\top }(\partial \boldsymbol{F}/\partial \tau )_{\mathrm{c}} = 0\), and a limit point of τ if \(\boldsymbol{\xi }_{1}^{\,\top }(\partial \boldsymbol{F}/\partial \tau )_{\mathrm{c}}\neq 0\).
- 7.
- 8.
When a stable equilibrium path becomes unstable at a critical point where a stable bifurcated path does not exist, the stable path often shifts dynamically to another stable path. This is called dynamical shift in this book.
- 9.
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Ikeda, K., Murota, K. (2014). Agglomeration in Racetrack Economy. In: Bifurcation Theory for Hexagonal Agglomeration in Economic Geography. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54258-2_3
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