Abstract
Many different types of construction materials are used in buildings and houses including ceramic-based materials, glasses, ceramics and metals. With respect to materials used in exterior walls, architectural design places a high priority on appearance and durability. Interior materials are also required to be fire resistant, thermal insulators and resistant to high humidity in order to realize a safe and comfortable living environment. Construction materials such as glass fiber products and glass construction materials used in buildings and houses are introduced in this section. Electrical noise absorbing materials used as exterior materials and walls of test chambers are also introduced. They are essential for an IT-based society, where various kinds of electronic devices are used.
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Notes
- 1.
Note 18.1 Construction materials that are manufactured at plants and transported to the construction site for the purpose of installation. In contrast, the method in which concrete is poured into fabricated forms built on the construction site is called the cast-in-place method, which is applied during the building of general concrete structures.
- 2.
Note 18.2 Ca2(SiO4H)(OH).
- 3.
Note 18.3 Amorphous calcium silicate hydrate. It is a gel-like substance in which the composition ratio of CaO, SiO2, H2O varies. It is generated by the hydration of cement in ambient temperature and hydrothermal reaction of CaO and SiO2.
- 4.
Note 18.4 Steel framed buildings. Large structures are built with steel frames. Members such as pillars and beams are made of steel frames, on which the wall, floor, ceiling and roof panels are connected.
- 5.
Note 18.5 Reinforced concrete building. Large structures such as pillars, beams, slabs and walls are all made of reinforced steel bars and concrete to form an integrated structure.
- 6.
Note 18.6 Sometimes simply called members. They are large structures that support buildings, i.e. foundations, pillars, beams, walls and floors, however, the contents vary depending on the building structure. In wooden buildings and steel framed buildings, the members are the foundation, pillars and beams, while concrete walls (supporting walls) and floors (slabs) are included as the members of reinforced concrete buildings.
- 7.
Note 18.7 Japan imports plaster ore mainly from Thailand, Mexico and Australia.
- 8.
Note 18.9 Manufacturers obtain certification from Japan’s Minister of the Environment to collect wastes from a wide range of areas and recycle the wastes as raw material or dispose of it properly under this system (Wastes Disposal and Public Cleansing Act, revised edition: implemented on December 1, 2003). If a manufacturer obtains the certification in combination with delivery companies handling its products, they may handle the wastes without obtaining the licenses for collection, transportation and disposal of industrial wastes.
- 9.
Note 18.10 International Agency for Research on Cancer, an outside organization of WHO (World Health Organization), is the most prestigious carcinogen evaluation organization in the world.
- 10.
Note 18.11 Stands for Volatile Organic Compounds, representing several hundred volatile organic compounds. WHO defines VOC as organic compounds in the atmosphere with a boiling point ranging from 50°C to 260°C. The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare presented guideline values for permissible indoor air concentrations of 13 substances including formaldehyde.
- 11.
Note 18.12 Construction materials that are used mainly to reduce changes in relative humidity in building interior living or working space.
- 12.
Note 18.13 The property of materials attributed to the absorption and releases of moisture.
- 13.
Note 18.14 Evaluation of thermal insulation performance is based on heat transmission coefficient or heat transmission resistance (inverse of heat transmission coefficient). Heat transmission coefficients indicate the quantity of heat that passes through a glass window when there is a difference between the indoor temperature and the outdoor temperature. Smaller heat transmission coefficients and larger heat transmission resistance indicate higher heat insulation properties. Such is expressed by the quantity of transmitted heat (Watt) per 1 m2 to produce a difference of 1° (Kelvin).
- 14.
Note 18.15 Heat shield performance is evaluated based on solar radiation heat acquisition rates or shielding coefficients. The solar radiation heat acquisition rate indicates the rate of solar radiation heat that flows into room among the solar radiation heat falling on the glass window. It is also called the solar radiation intrusion rate. The shielding coefficient is the relative value obtained by setting the solar radiation heat acquisition rate of a 3 mm float plate glass (transparency) at 1.
- 15.
Note 18.16 During cold winter nights, window glass surface temperature on the indoor-side decreases due to the heat loss through the window. The indoor air temperature near the window glass decreases and it has higher density, generating a downward current of air. This type of air current is called a cold draft.
- 16.
Note 18.17 “Safety Design Guideline on Glazed Openings,” stipulated by the Building Guidance Division, Housing Bureau, Construction Ministry, Noticed on May 31, 1986 (Revision noticed on April 4, 1991).
- 17.
Note 18.18 “List of construction parts with high crime prevention performance” (disclosed in 2004) disclosed by the “Government-Public Joint Conference on Construction Parts with High Crime Prevention Performance” (established in 2002).
- 18.
Note 18.19 When a glass sheet is broken by a bending force, the pressed side is concaved, generating compressive stress. The other side is convexed, generating tensile stress. Glass is resistant to compression force and sensitive to tensile force. Therefore, compressive layers are created on the surface of tempered glass to enhance its strength in order to reduce the tensile force on the surface.
- 19.
Note 18.20 Crystallized glass ceramics in which crystals are grown by utilizing crystal seeds generated on fused boundaries of glass grains.
- 20.
Note 18.21 Crystallized glass ceramics are made by growing multiple crystalline seeds homogeneously inside sheet glass using nucleating agents such as titanium oxide and zirconium oxide that initiate crystalline growth at higher temperature.
- 21.
Note 18.22 A substance that absorbs and attenuates incident electromagnetic energy and converts the energy to thermal energy.
- 22.
Note 18.23 (Electro-magnetic compatibility) The balance between not having devices emit electromagnetic waves that may affect other devices (emission issues) and the normal operation of devices without them being affected by external electromagnetic waves (immunity issues).
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The Ceramic Society of Japan. (2012). Building Materials and Glass. In: Advanced Ceramic Technologies & Products. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54108-0_18
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54108-0_18
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