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From Genes to Animal Behavior pp 367–387Cite as

Functional Association Between the Brain and Physiological Responses Accompanying Negative and Positive Emotions and Its Regulation by Genetic Factors

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Abstract

Negative emotions such as fear and acute stress elicit integrated enhancement of responses in the cardiovascular system, hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical axis, and innate immunity. On the other hand, during experiences of positive emotions, secretion of central and peripheral dopamine and natural killer cell activity are enhanced without increased sympathetic activity. Such physiological responses accompanying emotions are not rigid and stereotyped but can be flexibly regulated by the brain on the basis of cognitive appraisal of the emotional situation. Using a combination of neuroimaging and physiological recording in humans, we have shown that a neural network that includes several portions of the prefrontal cortex and limbic regions plays a key role in the regulation of emotion. Furthermore, there are wide individual differences in the emotional reactivity in both negative and positive emotional domains. Genetic factors such as gene polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter gene and the opioid receptor gene can explain portions of the individual differences of emotional reactivity.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a neuroimaging technique that measures the hemodynamic responses (changes in blood oxygen levels) related to neural activity in the brain. Contrary to the conventional “block-design fMRI,” which detects integrated brain activity within a several-minute period, “event-related fMRI” can detect temporal brain activity related to a specific event of stimulus onset or initiation of processing with temporal resolution of several seconds.

  2. 2.

    Subliminal perception is a psychological phenomenon that one can detect or be affected by any stimuli below a sensory threshold for conscious perception. For visual subliminal perception, stimuli are presented with a short duration (several milliseconds) and are masked by other stimuli. Although this concept has been controversial in scientific fields, studies in cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience have shown that humans can perceive stimuli without conscious awareness in some cases.

  3. 3.

    Affective priming is a psychological phenomenon that a preceding stimulus with affective valence can influence on processing of a following stimulus. When the preceding stimulus and the following stimulus have the same affective valence (e.g., positive or negative), speed and efficiency of processing for the following stimulus is facilitated. Additionally, evaluation of the following stimulus (e.g., good or bad) can be shifted to the direction according to the affective valence of the preceding stimulus.

  4. 4.

    Positron emission tomography (PET) is a method of neuroimaging using some radioactive chemical tracers. Although PET is usually utilized to scan the distribution of some receptors of neurotransmitters in the brain and metabolism of glucose in the brain, PET using 15O as a tracer has better temporal resolution and can detect changes of blood flow in the brain (details of PET techniques are provided in Sect. 5.3 of this volume).

  5. 5.

    Individualism and collectivism are concepts that are often used to describe personalities in social psychology. Individualism is a tendency that emphasizes the independence of each person within social groups and focuses importance of one’s own goals and self-esteem. Collectivism is a tendency that emphasizes the interdependence of persons in social groups and sometimes focuses on the priority of group goals in preference to individual goals.

  6. 6.

    Cytokines are proteins and peptides that are secreted by immune cells such as macrophages. They carry signals between immune cells and have effects on the whole-body orgasm. Inflammatory or proinflammatory cytokines are subfamilies of cytokines that enhance cellular immunity and induce inflammation.

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Acknowledgments

The author sincerely thanks the following collaborators for their excellent contributions to the studies contained in this chapter: Dr. Tetsuya Iidaka (Nagoya University), Dr. Michio Nomura (Kyoto University), Dr. Masahiro Matsunaga (Fujita Health University), Dr. Tokiko Isowa (Mie University), Dr. Kenta Kimura (Nagoya University), Ms. Naho Ichikawa (University of Pittsburgh), Mr. Makoto Miyakoshi (National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology), Dr. Noriaki Kanayama (The University of Tokyo), Mr. Hiroki Murakami (National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry), and Mr. Takahiro Osumi (Nagoya University).

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  1. Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan

    Hideki Ohira

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    Miho Inoue-Murayama Ph.D. (Professor) (Professor)

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    Shoji Kawamura Ph.D. (Professor) (Professor)

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Ohira, H. (2011). Functional Association Between the Brain and Physiological Responses Accompanying Negative and Positive Emotions and Its Regulation by Genetic Factors. In: Inoue-Murayama, M., Kawamura, S., Weiss, A. (eds) From Genes to Animal Behavior. Primatology Monographs. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-53892-9_18

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